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  • A medic responds to mayhem after a simulated explosion seemingly destroys an Army Humvee inside the fabricated Iraqi village of Medina Wasl, built by set coordinators from Paramount Pictures at Fort Irwin, California, in the Mojave Desert, California. (From the book What I Eat: Around the World in 80 Diets.) Hundreds of military and civilian actors and scores of directors participate in elaborate training exercises for soldiers deploying to Iraq.
    USA_080915_168_xxw.jpg
  • Application of virtual reality computer systems in the experimental design of novel drugs (molecular modeling). Russ Taylor docking drug and protein with force feedback robot arm. This system allows chemists to not only see whether two molecules might fit together but allows them to feel how well they do. The force-feedback robot grip lets the chemist rotate a simulated drug and fit it into a protein molecule. The computer calculates electrostatic forces & other parameters concerned with the probability of a reaction occurring & feeds this information back to the robot grip, so the designer may feel how smoothly or otherwise the reaction is proceeding. Photo taken at the University of North Carolina. Model Released (1990)
    USA_SCI_VR_29_xs.jpg
  • Virtual reality & the home computer. Home-based computer scientist, John Schultz, plays a 3-D video game in 3-D stereo sound featuring space-planes dog-fighting, which he wrote for his home computer. Entitled The Event Horizon Simulator the game runs on an Atari 2000 computer, using conventional stereo headphones and a basic LCD headset. Model Released (1990)
    USA_SCI_VR_18_xs.jpg
  • A medic responds to mayhem after a simulated explosion seemingly destroys an Army Humvee inside the fabricated Iraqi village of Medina Wasl, built by set coordinators from Paramount Pictures  at Fort Irwin, California, in the Mojave Desert, California. (From the book What I Eat: Around the World in 80 Diets.) Hundreds of military and civilian actors and scores of directors participate in elaborate training exercises for soldiers deploying to Iraq. Some actors are actually amputees, adding to the realism of the scene, which is embellished with fake blood and dismembered limbs.
    USA_080915_305_xxw.jpg
  • Virtual reality: Ralph Hollis, IBM, NY "Feeling" Gold Atoms working with a scanning tunneling microscope (STM) (at right) linked to a tele-robotic manipulation system with atomic scale force-feedback. The minute movements of the STM's probe as its traverses the gold sample surface is linked to a force-feedback magic wrist, enabling the scientist, whose hand is in contact with the magic wrist, to feel the texture of the gold atoms. In background is a false-color STM image of the gold surface, revealing the cobbled pattern of individual atoms. The photo was taken at IBM's Thomas Watson Research Centre, Yorktown Heights, New York. Model Released (1990)
    USA_SCI_VR_02_xs.jpg
  • Applications of virtual reality systems in medical education. Here, Scott Delp and Scott Fisher are using a system developed at NASA's Ames Research Centre in Menlo Park, California, to study the anatomy of the human leg. They both wear a headset equipped with 3-D video displays to view the computer-generated graphical images - one is shown between the two doctors. Physical exploration of the leg anatomy is afforded by using the data glove, a black rubber glove with woven optical fiber sensors, which relays data on their physical hand movements back to the computer. Model Released (1990)
    USA_SCI_VR_06_xs.jpg
  • Virtual reality: Ralph Hollis, IBM, NY "Feeling" Gold Atoms working with a scanning tunneling microscope (STM) (at right) linked to a tele-robotic manipulation system with atomic scale force-feedback. The minute movements of the STM's probe as its traverses the gold sample surface is linked to a force-feedback magic wrist, enabling the scientist, whose hand is in contact with the magic wrist, to feel the texture of the gold atoms. In background is a false-color STM image of the gold surface, revealing the cobbled pattern of individual atoms. The photo was taken at IBM's Thomas Watson Research Centre, Yorktown Heights, New York. (1990)
    USA_SCI_VR_01_xs.jpg
  • Virtual reality. Jamaea Commodore wears a virtual reality headset and data glove appears immersed in a computer-generated world. Virtual reality headsets contain two screens in front of the eyes, both displaying a computer- generated environment such as a room or landscape. The screens show subtly different perspectives to create a 3-D effect. The headset responds to movements of the head, changing the view so that the user can look around. Sensors on the data glove track the hand, allowing the user to manipulate objects in the artificial world with a virtual hand that appears in front of them. Model Released (1990)
    USA_SCI_VR_28_xs.jpg
  • Virtual reality: Lewis Hitchner manipulates a pair of video images of the Valles Marineris of the planet Mars, computer-generated from data provided by the Viking spacecraft at NASA's Ames Research Centre, California. Sophisticated computers & sensors provide the user with a telepresence in the virtual world, through small video screens mounted in goggles on a headset, whilst a spherical joystick controls movement through the virtual landscape. One future Martian application of this system might be in gathering geological samples by remote control using a rover robot. A sensor in the geologist's headset could direct the robot at specific sample targets. Model Released (1990)
    USA_SCI_VR_17_xs.jpg
  • Virtual reality: Rich Holloway wears prototype headset which employs half-silvered mirrors to enable the user to view a projected image of a virtual environment (and thus exist in virtual reality) and also see in front of his nose. A virtual environment is one created by a computer. A person entering such an environment does so with the aid of such a headset, which displays virtual imagery. Tactile interaction with the environment may be made using a data glove, a Spandex garment wired with sensors, which relays movement of the hand & fingers to the virtual environment. Model Released (1990)
    USA_SCI_VR_13_xs.jpg
  • The robotic hand developed at the Deutsches Zentrum für Luft und Raumfahrt (German Aerospace Center), in the countryside outside Munich, Germany, demonstrates the power of a control technique called force-feedback. To pick up an object, Max Fischer (in control room), one of the hand's developers, uses the data-glove to transmit the motion of his hand to the robot. If he moves a finger, the robot moves the corresponding finger. From the book Robo sapiens: Evolution of a New Species, page 135.
    GER_rs_13_qxxs.jpg
  • Virtual reality in undersea exploration: bench testing of an undersea tele-robotic robot arm, being developed for the U.S. Navy by the Centre for Engineering Design at the University of Utah, Salt Lake City. The functions of this robot are the performance of complex underwater tasks by remote manipulation from the surface. Underwater video cameras & other imaging systems relay information to a computer that produces a 3-D virtual image of the seabed. The operator is linked to this world through a headset equipped with 3-D goggles, & spatial sensor, and data gloves or other clothing that relay precision movements back through the computer to tools on the robot's limbs. (1990)
    USA_SCI_VR_40_xs.jpg
  • Virtual reality in undersea exploration: bench testing of an undersea tele-robotic robot arm, being developed for the U.S. Navy by the Center for Engineering Design at the University of Utah, Salt Lake City. The functions of this robot are the performance of complex underwater tasks by remote manipulation from the surface. Underwater video cameras & other imaging systems relay information to a computer that produces a 3-D virtual image of the seabed. The operator is linked to this world through a headset equipped with 3-D goggles, & spatial sensor, and data gloves or other clothing that relay precision movements back through the computer to tools on the robot's limbs. (1990)
    USA_SCI_VR_39_xs.jpg
  • Virtual reality in air traffic control (ATC) systems. Bill Wiseman from the University of Washington Human Interface Technology Laboratory, Seattle, demonstrating how ATC might operate in the future. Optical fiber sensors in his black data glove & the pink-rimmed micro-laser scanner glasses connect the operator with a virtual, computer-generated, 3-D image of the airspace he is controlling. Through raising his gloved hand to touch an icon (projected image) of an approaching jet, he is placed in instant voice communication with the pilot. This photograph was taken with the cooperation of SEA/TAC international airport, Seattle. MODEL RELEASED. (1990)
    USA_SCI_VR_11_xs.jpg
  • Virtual reality in air traffic control (ATC) systems. Bill Wiseman from the University of Washington Human Interface Technology Laboratory, Seattle, demonstrating how ATC might operate in the future. Optical fiber sensors in his black data glove & the pink-rimmed micro-laser scanner glasses connect the operator with a virtual, computer-generated, 3-D image of the airspace he is controlling. Through raising his gloved hand to touch an icon (projected image) of an approaching jet, he is placed in instant voice communication with the pilot. This photograph was taken with the cooperation of SEA/TAC international airport, Seattle. MODEL RELEASED. (1990)
    USA_SCI_VR_09_xs.jpg
  • After the second of three mock battles of the day in the fabricated Iraqi village of Medina Wasl, built by set coordinators from Paramount Pictures in the Mojave Desert, California, Iraqis and Americans playing soldiers, victims, and insurgents relax together in the shade until the next 20 minutes of choreographed crisis. (From the book What I Eat: Around the World in 80 Diets.)
    USA_080915_269_xxw.jpg
  • At the MIT Media Lab in Cambridge, MA, David Koons is a graduate student working under Richard Bolt doing his Ph.D. dissertation on multi-modal processing. In the photo Koons is busy programming with the large screen monitor.  Gloves, jacket, and head-mounted eye-tracking gear are in the background.
    Usa_rs_104_xs.jpg
  • Virtual reality: Jim Chong wears a prototype (1st generation) headset. Virtual environments are generated by computer systems to allow users to interact with in similar ways as they might with a real environment. The computer environments are displayed to their users using sophisticated graphics projected through small video monitors mounted on the headset. In addition, some headsets have a sensor which instructs the computer of the wearer's spatial aspect, that is, in 3-D. This particular model features displays with half-silvered mirrors that allow the user to see the computer image & look ahead. Model Released (1990)
    USA_SCI_VR_30_xs.jpg
  • Virtual or artificial reality. Alvar Green, CEO of Autodesk in 1990, Playing Cyberspace, a sophisticated videogame designed by AutoDesk Inc., USA. The computer monitor displays an image of one of Cyberspace's virtual (non-real) environments - a room - into which the player enters by wearing a headset & data glove. Two video images of the environment fit are projected into the eyes, whilst physical interaction is achieved through spatial sensors in the headset & optical fibers woven into the black rubber data glove, which send data to the computer on the player's position & movements in space. Alvar Green Model Released (1990)
    USA_SCI_VR_26_xs.jpg
  • Virtual reality: Warren Robinett wears a prototype (1st generation) headset. Virtual environments are generated by computer systems to allow users to interact with in similar ways as they might with a real environment. The computer environments are displayed to their users using sophisticated graphics projected through small video monitors mounted on the headset. In addition, some headsets have a sensor which instructs the computer of the wearer's spatial aspect, that is, in 3-D. This particular model features displays with half-silvered mirrors that allow the user to see the computer image & look ahead. Model Released (1990)
    USA_SCI_VR_14_xs.jpg
  • Virtual reality in air traffic control (ATC) systems. Bill Wiseman from the University of Washington Human Interface Technology Laboratory, Seattle, demonstrating how ATC might operate in the future. Optical fiber sensors in his black data glove & the pink-rimmed micro-laser scanner glasses connect the operator with a virtual, computer-generated, 3-D image of the airspace he is controlling. Through raising his gloved hand to touch an icon (projected image) of an approaching jet, he is placed in instant voice communication with the pilot. This photograph was taken with the cooperation of SEA/TAC international airport, Seattle. MODEL RELEASED. (1990)
    USA_SCI_VR_10_xs.jpg
  • Virtual sex. Pornographic application of virtual reality, showing a man mauling his virtual conquest provided by his headset and data glove & an unseen computer system. Virtual, in computer parlance, describes equipment or programs that assume one form yet give the illusion of another. Here, the image of the woman is provided by the system through goggles in the head-set; contact is effectively faked by optic-optic sensors in the black, rubber data glove, which relay information on aspect and movement of the man's fingers. Photographed at Autodesk Inc., USA. MODEL RELEASED. (1990)
    USA_SCI_VR_08_xs.jpg
  • Medina Jabal Iraqi town at the National Training Center at Fort Irwin, California, used for training soldiers about to deploy to Iraq.
    USA_080916_199_xw.jpg
  • After the second of three mock battles of the day in the fabricated Iraqi village of Medina Wasl, built by set coordinators from Paramount Pictures at the National Training Center at Fort Irwin, California, Iraqis and Americans playing soldiers, victims, and insurgents relax together in the shade until the next 20 minutes of choreographed crisis. (From the book What I Eat: Around the World in 80 Diets.)
    USA_080915_076_xw.jpg
  • After the second of three mock battles of the day in the fabricated Iraqi village of Medina Wasl, built by set coordinators from Paramount Pictures at the National Training Center at Fort Irwin, California, Iraqis and Americans playing soldiers, victims, and insurgents relax together in the shade until the next 20 minutes of choreographed crisis. (From the book What I Eat: Around the World in 80 Diets.)
    USA_080915_033_xw.jpg
  • Pattie Maes (and grad student Cecil). Maes is photographed with "ALIVE," a real-time virtual reality system.  She captioned the photo:  "A novel system developed at the MIT Media Lab makes it possible for a person to interact with artificial creatures such as this dog using natural gestures."
    Usa_rs_101_xs.jpg
  • By flexing his data-gloved hand, robotics specialist Fredrik L. Rehnmark controls the NASA robonaut as it reaches for a battery-operated power drill on a test platform. Black goggles on Rehnmark's head give him the view from the twin digital cameras mounted in the robot's shiny carapace. Next to Rehnmark, engineer Hal A. Aldridge tracks the robot's test results. In a cavernous adjacent room in the Johnson Space Center  in Texas is a life-sized mock-up of the robonaut's future home: the NASA space shuttle. From the book Robo sapiens: Evolution of a New Species, page 132-133.
    USA_rs_362_qxxs.jpg
  • Seeming to touch the objects on his screen, Peter Berkelman, then a graduate student at the Carnegie Mellon Robotics Institute in Pittsburgh, PA, scoops up virtual blocks with a special device that communicates the sensation of touching them. The device, which has a handle suspended in powerful magnetic fields, can move with all six possible degrees of freedom: up and down, side to side, back and forth, yaw, pitch, and roll. Used with special "haptic" software the device has force-feedback. From the book Robo sapiens: Evolution of a New Species, page 136.
    USA_rs_27A_120_qxxs.jpg
  • Intended to provide 360-degree images of its surroundings, Omniclops, the robot "omnicamera," is being developed by Hagen Schempf (holding Omniclops) of the Robotics Institute at Carnegie Mellon University. Schempf is now with the Robotics Engineering Consortium in Pittsburgh, PA. Founded in 1994 with seed money from NASA, the consortium is located off the Carnegie Mellon campus and operates with great autonomy in this enormous facility. Behind Schempf on the main floor are autonomous forklifts; out of sight, other rooms are chockablock with robotic harvesters and mine diggers. The forklift, which can understand commands like "unload the truck in bay 4," should be deployed in Ford factories by the end of 2000. From the book Robo sapiens: Evolution of a New Species, page 144.
    USA_rs_102_qxxs.jpg
  • Readying for the RoboCup championship in Sweden, Jörg Wilberg (rear left) and his research team at the German National Research Center (GMD) outside Bonn, Germany review the prospects of their five-machine robot-soccer squad. The GMD team plays in the medium-sized division, which uses a real soccer ball on a field about a third as big as a basketball court. Each robot monitors the position of the ball with a video camera; special software lets the machine track its round shape. Kneeling on the floor, researcher Peter Schöll tests the software by observing the image of the ball in the monitor. From the book Robo sapiens: Evolution of a New Species, page 215
    GER_rs_5_qxxs.jpg
  • Virtual reality in air traffic control (ATC) systems. Bill Wiseman from the University of Washington Human Interface Technology Laboratory, Seattle, demonstrating how ATC might operate in the future. Optical fiber sensors in his black data glove & the pink-rimmed micro-laser scanner glasses connect the operator with a virtual, computer-generated, 3-D image of the airspace he is controlling. Through raising his gloved hand to touch an icon (projected image) of an approaching jet, he is placed in instant voice communication with the pilot. This photograph was taken with the cooperation of SEA/TAC international airport, Seattle. MODEL RELEASED. (1990)
    USA_SCI_VR_12_xs.jpg
  • t the University of Utah in Salt Lake City, computer scientist John M. Hollerbach puts a lab staff member on the SARCOS Treadport, a device that mimics the tug and pull of acceleration. Walking on a treadmill, the staffer is surrounded by a projected simulation of a Western mountainside. On a real hill, hikers must struggle with their own inertia to surmount the slope, a sensation no ordinary treadmill can provide. The Treadport uses force-feedback to push or pull at the user, uncannily evoking the sensation of climbing, a new dimension of realism for this type of simulation. From the book Robo sapiens: Evolution of a New Species, page 137 top.
    USA_rs_432_120_qxxs.jpg
  • The robot, called Kenta, (Ken means tendon in Japanese) has a flexible spinal column that resembles that of the human body; 96 motors; a five-joint neck; a10 joint spine (each with 3 degrees of freedom); and fast-moving stereo vision that can track a flesh color object. The neck and torso are coordinated to respond in concert with the eye's movement. Student researchers create movements for the robot in simulation and then feed the simulations back to the robot. Professor Hirochika Inoue thinks that developing robots with this structure of incredibly decreased weight and fewer parts will reduce the cost and the complexity of robots in the future for more widespread application. Inoue-Inaba Robotic Lab, University of Tokyo, Japan.
    Japan_Jap_rs_368_xs.jpg
  • The robot, called Kenta, (Ken means tendon in Japanese) has a flexible spinal column that resembles that of the human body; 96 motors; a five-joint neck; a 10 joint spine (each with 3 degrees of freedom); and fast-moving stereo vision that can track a flesh colored object. The neck and torso are coordinated to respond in concert with the eye's movement. Student researchers create movements for the robot in simulation and then feed the simulations back to the robot. Professor Hirochika Inoue thinks that developing robots with this structure of incredibly decreased weight and fewer parts will reduce the cost and the complexity of robots in the future for more widespread application. Inoue-Inaba Robotic Lab, University of Tokyo, Japan.
    Japan_Jap_rs_366_xs.jpg
  • Physics: Pat Burchat, with a computer simulation reflected in her glasses at the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center (SLAC) Large Detector. Computer Simulated Event. Stanford Linear Collider (SLC) experiment, Menlo Park, California. With a length of 3km, the Stanford Linear Accelerator is the largest of its kind in the world. The accelerator is used to produce streams of electrons and positrons, which collide at a combined energy of 100 GeV (Giga electron Volts). This massive energy is sufficient to produce Z-zero particles in the collision. The Z-zero is one of the mediators of the weak nuclear force, the force behind radioactive decay, and was first discovered at CERN, Geneva, in 1983. The first Z-zero at SLC was produced on 11 April 1989. MODEL RELEASED [1988]
    USA_SCI_PHY_09_xs.jpg
  • Physics: Geneva, Switzerland/CERN: L-3 Experiment. Computer simulation of particle physics collision. CERN is the European centre for particle physics near Geneva. L3 is one of 4 giant particle detectors at the LEP Collider. LEP collides electrons & positrons accelerated to an energy of 50 GeV in a circular tunnel 100m underground & 27km in circumference. L3 is a cylindrical assembly of many types of apparatus - hadron & electromagnetic calorimeters, drift chambers, & a time projection chamber - which fit together like layers of an onion around the point where the particles collide. L3 is a collaboration of 460 physicists from institutions in 13 countries.
    SWI_SCI_PHY_12_xs.jpg
  • Nano / Micro Technology: Eric Drexler. Portrait of US nanotechnologist and author Eric Drexler. He is seated in front of a computer simulation of a diamondoid molecular bearing model of a robot he designed. This nanotechnology robot is so tiny it is made up of a precise number of atoms (orange and grey spheres). Although still on the frontiers of science, a robot like this may one day assemble molecules one-by-one, eat up pollutants, function as computers the size of a virus, or patrol the human body in search of cancer tumors. Eric Drexler developed the concept of nanotechnology in his books The Engines of Creation and Nanosystems. Model Released [1996]
    USA_SCI_NANO_03_120_xs.jpg
  • A Defense Department specialist in a radiation suit on the Nuclear Test Site in the Nevada desert outside Las Vegas holds a Geiger counter during a simulated nuclear weapons accident test. In the "Broken Arrow" (any accident involving a nuclear weapon) exercise, the Defense Department and the Department of Energy simulated the crash of a helicopter carrying nuclear weapons. Various agencies and departments then practiced coordinating their responses in an effort to find and clean up the mess. Real radioactive material was spread around the desert and a large number of soldiers simulated the angry residents of a nearby town..1981
    USA_SCI_NUKE_01_xs.jpg
  • Defense Department specialists in radiation suits on the Nuclear Test Site in the Nevada desert outside Las Vegas hold Geiger counters during a simulated nuclear weapons accident test. In the "Broken Arrow" (any accident involving a nuclear weapon) exercise, the Defense Department and the Department of Energy simulated the crash of a helicopter carrying nuclear weapons. Various agencies and departments then practiced coordinating their responses in an effort to find and clean up the mess. Real radioactive material was spread around the desert and a large number of soldiers simulated the angry residents of a nearby town..1981
    USA_SCI_NUKE_02_xs.jpg
  • Flyaway skydiving simulator.  A vertical wind tunnel propels 'flyers' into the air, simulating free flight.  Las Vegas. USA.
    USA_SPRT_15_xs.jpg
  • Flyaway skydiving simulator.  A vertical wind tunnel propels 'flyers' into the air, simulating free flight.  Las Vegas. USA.
    USA_SPRT_11_xs.jpg
  • Here COG,(short for cognitive) is seen using a slinky toy. Cog's designer is Rodney Brooks, head of MIT's Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, in Cambridge, Mass. Although some might be discouraged by the disparity between the enormous amount of thought and labor that went into it and the apparently meager results (simulating the intelligence of a six month old baby), Brooks draws a different conclusion. That so much is required to come close to simulating a baby's mind, he believes, only shows the fantastic complexity inherent in the task of producing an artificially intelligent humanoid robot. Robo sapiens page 59
    Usa_rs_5D_120_nxs.jpg
  • Here COG,(short for cognitive) is seen using a slinky toy. Cog's designer is Rodney Brooks, head of MIT's Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, in Cambridge, Mass. Although some might be discouraged by the disparity between the enormous amount of thought and labor that went into it and the apparently meager results (simulating the intelligence of a six month old baby), Brooks draws a different conclusion. That so much is required to come close to simulating a baby's mind, he believes, only shows the fantastic complexity inherent in the task of producing an artificially intelligent humanoid robot. Robo sapiens page 59
    Usa_rs_429_120_nxs.jpg
  • Flyaway skydiving simulator ting class., A vertical wind tunnel propels 'flyers' into the air, simulating free flight., Las Vegas. USA
    USA_SPRT_17_xs.jpg
  • Flyaway skydiving simulator.  A vertical wind tunnel propels a 'flyer' into the air, simulating free flight.  Las Vegas. USA.
    USA_SPRT_14_xs.jpg
  • Flyaway skydiving simulator.  A vertical wind tunnel propels 'flyers' into the air, simulating free flight.  Las Vegas. USA.
    USA_SPRT_13_xs.jpg
  • Flyaway skydiving simulator.  A vertical wind tunnel propels a 'flyer' into the air, simulating free flight.  Las Vegas. USA.
    USA_SPRT_12_xs.jpg
  • Flyaway skydiving simulator.  A vertical wind tunnel propels 'flyers' into the air, simulating free flight.  Las Vegas. USA.
    USA_SPRT_16_xs.jpg
  • Here COG,(short for cognitive) is seen using a slinky toy. Cog's designer is Rodney Brooks, head of MIT's Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, in Cambridge, Mass. Although some might be discouraged by the disparity between the enormous amount of thought and labor that went into it and the apparently meager results (simulating the intelligence of a six month old baby), Brooks draws a different conclusion. That so much is required to come close to simulating a baby's mind, he believes, only shows the fantastic complexity inherent in the task of producing an artificially intelligent humanoid robot. Robo sapiens page 59
    Usa_rs_715_120_xs.jpg
  • Simulated lightning strike to a sailboat model in lab. Institution för Hopspänningsforkning, Husbyborg, Uppsala, Sweden. Engineer - Eric Löfberg (1991).Lightning occurs when a large electrical charge builds up in a cloud, probably due to the friction of water and ice particles. The charge induces an opposite charge on the ground, and a few leader electrons travel to the ground. When one makes contact, there is a huge backflow of energy up the path of the electron. This produces a bright flash of light, and temperatures of up to 30,000 degrees Celsius.
    SWE_SCI_LIG_02_xs.jpg
  • Matthew Jones, wearing 3-D glasses to view computer simulations, from the Stanford Linear Collider (SLC) experiment, seen with a computer-simulated collision event between an electron and a positron. The SLC produces Z-zero particles by this collision process, which takes place at extremely high energies. The Z-zero is one of the mediators of the weak nuclear force, the force behind radioactive decay, and was discovered at CERN in 1983. The scientist is seen wearing special glasses that enable viewing of computer- generated stereoscopic images of the particle tracks following the collision inside the Large Detector. The first Z-zero seen at SLC was detected on 11 April 1989. MODEL RELEASED [1988]
    USA_SCI_PHY_08_xs.jpg
  • In a spanking new, richly-appointed research center above a busy shopping street in Tokyo's stylish Harajuku district, Hiroaki Kitano shows off his robot soccer team. In addition to Kitano's humanoid-robot work at Kitano Symbiotic Systems Project, a five-year, government-funded ERATO project, Kitano is the founder and chair of Robot World Cup Soccer (RoboCup), an annual soccer competition for robots. There are four classes of contestants: small, medium, simulated, and dog (using Sony's programmable robot dogs). Kitano's small-class RoboCup team consists of five autonomous robots, which kick a golf ball around a field about the size of a ping-pong table. An overhead video camera feeds information about the location of the players to remote computers, which use the data to control the robots' offensive and defensive moves. Japan. From the book Robo sapiens: Evolution of a New Species, page 213 top.
    Japan_JAP_rs_31_qxxs.jpg
  • Sewer inspection robot. Kurt I, a sewer inspection robot prototype. Here, the robot is moving through a simulated sewer at a German government-owned research and development centre. Unlike its predecessors, the Kurt I, and its successor, Kurt II, are cable-less, autonomous robots, which have their own power supply and piloting system. Kurt uses two low-powered lasers (upper centre) to beam a grid (red, lower centre) into its path. When the gridlines curve, indicating a bend or intersection in the pipe, the robot matches the curves against a digital map in its computer. It will then pilot itself to its destination. Photographed in Bonn, Germany.
    Ger_rs_40_xs.jpg
  • Simulated cave formations at Arizona-Sonora Desert Museum. USA.
    USA_AZ_12_xs.jpg
  • Simulated lightning strike to a TV antenna wire, exploding the wire. Institution for Hopspänningsforkning, Husbyborg, Uppsala, Sweden. Engineer - Eric Löfberg. (1991).Lightning occurs when a large electrical charge builds up in a cloud, probably due to the friction of water and ice particles. The charge induces an opposite charge on the ground, and a few leader electrons travel to the ground. When one makes contact, there is a huge backflow of energy up the path of the electron. This produces a bright flash of light, and temperatures of up to 30,000 degrees Celsius.
    SWE_SCI_LIG_01_xs.jpg
  • One of the actors in crisis simulations at Medina Wasl, a fabricated Iraqi town at Camp Irwin in California.
    USA_080915_409_xw.jpg
  • Seven-year-old Masahiko Nozue gets down on the floor and romps with AIBO, Sony's robotic pet dog. The Nozues had wanted a real dog, but pets are not allowed in their apartment. AIBO never needs to be fed, bathed, or walked, although it can simulate urination; it doesn't shed hair, bark at the neighbors, or need to be kept in a kennel when its owners go on vacation. Still, its behavior is so lifelike that the Nozues find it hard to treat it like a machine. One charge on its rechargeable battery lasts about two hours, and during that time AIBO is for all intents and purposes one of the family. Yokohama, Japan. From the book Robo sapiens: Evolution of a New Species, page 224-225.
    Japan_JAP_rs_247_qxxs.jpg
  • Lightning tolerance test. A researcher holding two carbon-fiber panels from a helicopter, showing their tolerance of lightning. The panel at right is simple carbon fiber, and has had a large hole punched in it by simulated lightning. This is because it is an electrical insulator, so cannot disperse the electricity across its surface. The panel at left has a thin grid of copper wire coating the surface. This allows the electrical charge to disperse over the surface, causing nothing more than damage to the paint. Photographed at Lightning Technologies Inc. of Massachusetts, USA. 1992.MODEL RELEASED
    USA_SCI_LIG_45_xs.jpg
  • Matthew Jones, wearing 3-D glasses to view computer simulations, from the Stanford Linear Collider (SLC) experiment, seen with a computer-simulated collision event between an electron and a positron. The SLC produces Z-zero particles by this collision process, which takes place at extremely high energies. The Z-zero is one of the mediators of the weak nuclear force, the force behind radioactive decay, and was discovered at CERN in 1983. The scientist is seen wearing special glasses that enable viewing of computer- generated stereoscopic images of the particle tracks following the collision inside the Large Detector. The first Z-zero seen at SLC was detected on 11 April 1989. MODEL RELEASED [1988]
    USA_SCI_PHY_07_xs.jpg
  • Nano Technology: Molecular bearing. Computer scientist Ralph Merkle models a molecular bearing designed on computer. Merkle is head of Computational Nanotechnology at Xerox Parc (Palo Alto Research Center) in California, USA. Using desktop simulations he builds tiny machines atom by atom, such as this frictionless bearing, which would be too small to see even with the world's most powerful microscope. Although still on the frontiers of science, nanotechnology could one day lead to a host of revolutionary miniature inventions, such as microscopic nanorobots that patrol the human body in search of cancer tumors. Model Released [1995]
    USA_SCI_NANO_04_120_xs.jpg
  • Nano Technology: Molecular bearing. Computer scientist Ralph Merkle models a molecular bearing designed on computer. Merkle is head of Computational Nanotechnology at Xerox Parc (Palo Alto Research Center) in California, USA. Using desktop simulations he builds tiny machines atom by atom, such as this frictionless bearing, which would be too small to see even with the world's most powerful microscope. Although still on the frontiers of science, nanotechnology could one day lead to a host of revolutionary miniature inventions, such as microscopic nanorobots that patrol the human body in search of cancer tumors. [1995]
    USA_SCI_NANO_02_120_xs.jpg
  • Nano /Micro Technology: Molecular bearing. Computer scientist Ralph Merkle models a molecular bearing designed on a computer. Merkle is head of Computational Nanotechnology at Xerox Parc (Palo Alto Research Center) in California, USA. Using desktop simulations he builds tiny machines atom by atom, such as this frictionless bearing, which would be too small to see even with the world's most powerful microscope. Although still on the frontiers of science, nanotechnology could one day lead to a host of revolutionary miniature inventions, such as microscopic Nan robots that patrol the human body in search of cancer tumors. Model Released [1995]
    USA_SCI_NANO_01_120_xs.jpg
  • The fabricated village at Fort Irwin simulates life in Iraq for soldiers to the last detail, complete with consultations of Iraqi officials to resolve disputes.
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  • Military vehicles with Arabic calligraphy used for training soldiers during simulated combat conditions before deploying to Iraq at Medina Jabal, an Iraqi town at Fort Irwin, California.
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  • Mountain View, California.Vials of chemicals known as P.A.H. (Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons) luminesce in ultraviolet light. These molecules, naturally occuring throughout the depths of space, are believed by these and and other researchers to be possible origins of life on earth. P.A.H.s have been found to become chemically modified when surrounded by ice and exposed to ultraviolet radiation -- a situation likely to occur in space.iOnce molecularly altered, the modified P.A.H.s closely resemble known organic molicules that are found in abundance on earth. Thus P.A.H.s may be found to be the first stage in a chain of molecules that led to life on earth. Researchers at NASA/Ames are simulating the conditions in space in order to study these alterations in the molecular structure of P.A.H.s. They also track P.A.H.s as they travel through interstellar space towards developing solar systems where they may become transformed into the seeds of life, all to hypothesize about the origins of life on earth..[1999]
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  • Professor Robert J. Full's Poly-PEDAL Lab at UC Berkeley has been working with roboticists for years, supplying them with information on small animal locomotion that is used to conStruct innovative robots. Recently, the Lab has been working with the Stanford Research Institute (SRI), testing and evaluating artificial muscles. Dr. Kenneth Meijer (from Holland) compares and measures a Stanford Artificial Muscle with a natural one from the leg of the Death Head Cockroach. After cooling the cockroach and exposing leg extensor muscle number 179, an electrode is suctioned into the muscle to simulate the nerve-to-muscle connection. Published in Stern Magazine, February 11th, 2000.
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  • To study the flight control behavior of fruit flies, Dickinson and his researchers have come up with something even more bizarre than RoboFly. They have built a virtual reality flight simulator for fruit flies in an upstairs lab. A tiny fly is glued to a probe positioned in an electronic arena of hundreds of flashing LEDs that can also measure its wing motion and flight forces. By altering its wing motion, the fly itself can change the display of the moving electronic panorama, tricking the fly into "thinking" it is really flying through the air. The amplified humming of the fruit fly as it buzzes through its imaginary flight surrounded by computers in the darkened lab is quite bizarre.
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  • In a simulated bedroom complete with stuffed animals, tossed bedclothes, and a sleeping dummy victim, Robin R. Murphy of the University of South Florida keeps tabs on her marsupial robot; or, rather, robots. Developed to help search-and-rescue teams, the robots will work as a team. The larger "mother" is designed to roll into a disaster site. When it can go no farther, several "daughter" robots will emerge, marsupial fashion, from a cavity in its chest. The daughter robots will crawl on highly mobile tracks to look for survivors, feeding the mother robot images of what they see. Although the project is funded by the National Science Foundation and the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, Murphy's budget is hardly overwhelming. From the book Robo sapiens: Evolution of a New Species, page 154-155.
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  • With its carapace not yet built, the mechanism inside the head of Cog is revealed against a photographer's lights. Cog's designer is Rodney Brooks, head of MIT's Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, in Cambridge, MA. So much is required to come close to simulating a baby's mind, he believes, only shows the fantastic complexity inherent in the task of producing an artificially intelligent humanoid robot. From the book Robo sapiens: Evolution of a New Species, page 59.
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  • In a spanking new, richly-appointed research center above a busy shopping street in Tokyo's stylish Harajuku district, Hiroaki Kitano shows off his robot soccer team. In addition to Kitano's humanoid-robot work at Kitano Symbiotic Systems Project, a five-year, government-funded ERATO project, Kitano is the founder and chair of Robot World Cup Soccer (RoboCup), an annual soccer competition for robots. There are four classes of contestants: small, medium, simulated, and dog (using Sony's programmable robot dogs). Kitano's small-class RoboCup team consists of five autonomous robots, which kick a golf ball around a field about the size of a ping-pong table. An overhead video camera feeds information about the location of the players to remote computers, which use the data to control the robots' offensive and defensive moves. Japan. From the book Robo sapiens: Evolution of a New Species, page 213 bottom.
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  • Kurt I, a 32-cm-long robot, crawls through a simulated sewer network on the grounds of the Gesellschaft für Mathematik und Datenverabeitung-Forschungs-zentrum Informationstechnik GmbH (GMD), a government-owned R&D center outside Bonn, Germany. Every ten years, Germany's 400,000 kilometers of sewers must be inspected, at a cost of $9 per meter. Today, vehicles tethered to long data cables explore remote parts of the system. Because the cables restrict the vehicle's mobility and range, GMD engineers have built Kurt I, which crawls through sewers itself. To pilot itself, the robot?or, rather, its successor model, Kurt II?will use two low-power lasers to beam a checkerboardlike grid into its path. When the gridlines curve, indicating a bend or intersection in the pipe ahead, Kurt II will match the curves against a digital map in its "brain" and pilot itself to its destination. From the book Robo sapiens: Evolution of a New Species, page 194
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  • BEDTIME FOR BOZOS WITH THE "HONEYMOONER" Photo Illustration for the Future of Communication GEO (Germany) Special issue. Fictional Representation and Caption: Video phones and teledildactic interactive body gloves facilitated large numbers of long distance relationships among huge numbers of couples in an age where job mobility was crucial to financial well being. But as divorce rates grew, the interpersonal skills for maintaining relationships atrophied, and couples found it easier to have a virtual partner that had a physical presence in the bedroom. No more headaches, bad breath, receding hair or cellulite to worry about. With a "Honeymooner", robotic sex doll, programmable with a PC, all kinds of simulations are possible. Richard "Dick" Kravitz of Sonoma, California,  MODEL RELEASED.
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  • Intended for surveillance, Urbie is a low-profile, remotely operated machine that crawls over obstacles on bulldozer-like tracks, beaming images of what it sees to its operators. The robot is intended to be exceptionally durable, capable of flipping over and surviving shocks that would destroy most other robots. In a simulated rapid-deployment mission from the comfort of a car, iRobot researcher Tom Frost guides Urbie up a flight of steps in Somerville, MA. From the book Robo sapiens: Evolution of a New Species, page 147.
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Peter Menzel Photography

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