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  • Reconstructing the Mayan ruins at Becan, Yucatan, Mexico. Peculiar for its large artificial moat.
    MEX_009_xs.jpg
  • Physics: NASA/AMES Researchers in Mountain View, California. D. Hudgins, J Dworkin, M. Berstein (Left to Right). Looking for P.A.H. in the lab at Nasa Ames. Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) are a class of very stable organic molecules made up of only carbon and hydrogen. Photographed at NASA's Ames Research Center, California, USA.- Origin of Life 1999.
    USA_SCI_PHY_23_xs.jpg
  • Physics: Aligning Magnets in the 3 km tunnel of the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center (SLAC), Menlo Park, California.  Reverse Bend SLC Experiment, [1986].Technicians making final alignment checks in the tunnel of the Stanford Linear Collider (SLC). The SLC was built from the 3km linear accelerator at Stanford, California. In the SLC, electrons and positrons are accelerated to energies of 50 giga electron volts (GeV) before being forced to collide. In this collision, a Z-nought particle may be produced. The Z-nought is the mediator of the electroweak nuclear force, the force behind radioactive decay. The first Z-nought was detected at SLC on 11 April 1989, six years after its discovery at the European LEP accelerator ring, near Geneva..
    USA_SCI_PHY_25_xs.jpg
  • Physics: Stanford Linear Accelerator Center (SLAC), Menlo Park, California. Control Room..Instrumentation displays inside the control room of the Stanford Linear Collider (SLC) experiment, California. With a length of 3km, the Stanford Linear Accelerator is the largest of its kind in the world. The accelerator is used to produce streams of electrons and positrons, which collide at a combined energy of 100 GeV (Giga electron Volts). This massive energy is sufficient to produce Z-zero particles in the collision. The Z-zero is one of the mediators of the weak nuclear force, the force behind radioactive decay, and was first discovered at CERN, Geneva, in 1983. The first Z-zero at SLC was produced on 11 April 1989. [1988]
    USA_SCI_PHY_22_xs.jpg
  • Daily 8:00 AM team meeting. Burton Richter bottom left of image. Burton Richter (b.1931), Director of the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center (SLAC), photographed during the construction of the Stanford Linear Collider in [1988] Richter won the 1976 Nobel Prize for Physics, following his discovery of the Psi- particle at the SLAC in 1974. The Prize was shared with Sam Ting of Brookhaven National Laboratory. The discovery of the Psi- particle also implied the existence of two new quarks, Charm and anti- Charm. Richter has been at SLAC since 1964, having also designed the PEP positron-electron storage ring at Stanford. Richter became Director of SLAC in 1984, and now oversees projects such as the Stanford Linear Positron-Electron Collider. [1988]
    USA_SCI_PHY_21_xs.jpg
  • Physics: Patrice Lebrun works on the detector for the L-3 experiment at CERN, which uses a Bismuth Germanium Oxide (BGO) Crystal. BGO (formula Bi4 Ge3 O12) is used to detect electrons and photons generated by electron- positron collisions in the LEP Collider ring. When an electron or photon enters the crystal, its energy is converted into light. The light is channeled by the crystal to photodiodes, producing an electronic signal. 11, 000 crystals, totaling 12 tons in weight, are used in the detector, measuring the energy and position of the incoming particles at very high resolution. The LEP and L- 3 detector were inaugurated on 13 November 1989. Geneva, Switzerland..CERN is the European centre for particle physics near Geneva. L3 is one of 4 giant particle detectors at the LEP Collider. LEP collides electrons & positrons accelerated to an energy of 50 GeV in a circular tunnel 100m underground & 27km in circumference. L3 is a cylindrical assembly of many types of apparatus - hadron & electromagnetic calorimeters, drift chambers, & a time projection chamber - which fit together like layers of an onion around the point where the particles collide. L3 is a collaboration of 460 physicists from institutions in 13 countries. MODEL RELEASED [1988]
    SWI_SCI_PHY_07_xs.jpg
  • Onlookers watch as lava spews forth from an eruption on the summit of Mauna Loa, Big Island, Hawaii. USA.
    USA_HI_08_xs.jpg
  • The Natural Resources Defense Council (NRDC]: Seismic Monitor Nuclear test project in The Republic of Kazakhstan. In 1986 the USSR Academy of Sciences allowed the NRDC to install seismic monitoring instruments within a few hundred kilometers of their nuclear test site to verify that the USSR was not testing nuclear weapons underground during the nuclear test ban. By allowing this monitoring on their soil and by monitoring near the Nevada test site in the USA, mutual trust was built that facilitated the end of the Cold War. American scientists check wiring as a heavy booted Soviet scientist descends the frozen stairs at the Karkarlinsk Field lab seismic monitors surrounding a borehole. (1987]
    KAZ_SCI_NUKE_09_xs.jpg
  • The Natural Resources Defense Council (NRDC]: Seismic Monitor Nuclear test project in The Republic of Kazakhstan. In 1986 the USSR Academy of Sciences allowed the NRDC to install seismic monitoring instruments within a few hundred kilometers of their nuclear test site to verify that the USSR was not testing nuclear weapons underground during the nuclear test ban. By allowing this monitoring on their soil and by monitoring near the Nevada test site in the USA, mutual trust was built that facilitated the end of the Cold War. Karkarlinsk sauna: American and Soviet scientists and workers relax in the local sauna. (1987]
    KAZ_SCI_NUKE_13_xs.jpg
  • A "smart" pallet that can move in any direction, OmniMate was designed by Johann Borenstein, a research scientists at the University of Michigan. Like the HelpMate hospital delivery robot, OmniMate sits on robotic platforms called LabMates. Although earlier robot pallets had to move along cables buried in the floor, OmniMate can track its own location by measuring its movements precisely. Borenstein is in the process of putting his robot on the market. At the University of Michigan at Ann Arbor. From the book Robo sapiens: Evolution of a New Species, page 189.
    USA_rs_486_qxxs.jpg
  • Even someone who believes that in the future most humans will become the slaves of all-powerful machines has to have a laugh sometimes. Why not have it with toy machines? Taking a moment off from his work at the cybernetics department at the University of Reading in the UK, Kevin Warwick (on left), author of March of the Machines: Why the New Race of Robots Will Rule the World, plays with Lego Mindstorm robots that his students have programmed to box with each other. The toys are wildly popular with engineers and computer scientists because they can be programmed to perform an amazing variety of tasks. In this game, sensors on the toys determine which machine has been hit the most. In his more serious work, Warwick is now trying to record his neural signals on a computer and replay them into his nervous system. From the book Robo sapiens: Evolution of a New Species, page 222-223.
    GBR_rs_2_qxxs.jpg
  • In the water, pike can accelerate at a rate of eight to twelve g's, as fast as a NASA rocket. To scientists, the speed is inexplicable. In an attempt to understand how the flap of a thin fish tail can push a fish faster than any propeller, John Kumph, then an MIT graduate student, built a robotic version of a chain-pickerel?a species of pike?with a spring-wound fiberglass exoskeleton and a skin made of silicone rubber. Now under further development by iRobot, an MIT-linked company just outside Boston in Somerville, MA, the robo-fish can't yet swim nearly as fast as a real pike, suggesting how much remains to be learned. Photographed at the MIT tow tank, Cambridge, MA. From the book Robo sapiens: Evolution of a New Species, page 108-109.
    USA_rs_304_qxxs.jpg
  • Leaning back in his chair, graduate student Jerry Pratt controls Spring Flamingo, a walking robot at the MIT Leg Lab in Cambridge, MA. A branch of MIT's renowned Artificial Intelligence Lab, the Leg Lab is home to researchers whose subjects run the gamut from improved artificial legs to robots that help scientists understand the complex dynamics of the human stride. Tethered to a slightly counterweighted boom that rotates around a pivot, the robot always walks in a circle in the lab.From the book Robo sapiens: Evolution of a New Species, page 8-9..
    USA_rs_12B_120_qxxs.jpg
  • The Natural Resources Defense Council (NRDC]: Seismic Monitor Nuclear test project in The Republic of Kazakhstan. In 1986 the USSR Academy of Sciences allowed the NRDC to install seismic monitoring instruments within a few hundred kilometers of their nuclear test site to verify that the USSR was not testing nuclear weapons underground during the nuclear test ban. By allowing this monitoring on their soil and by monitoring near the Nevada test site in the USA, mutual trust was built that facilitated the end of the Cold War. Karkarlinsk Field lab bore hole seismic monitor. Jon Berger (left], with a technician checks the wiring as a heavy booted Soviet scientist descends the stairs. (1987]
    KAZ_SCI_NUKE_06_xs.jpg
  • Matthew Jones, wearing 3-D glasses to view computer simulations, from the Stanford Linear Collider (SLC) experiment, seen with a computer-simulated collision event between an electron and a positron. The SLC produces Z-zero particles by this collision process, which takes place at extremely high energies. The Z-zero is one of the mediators of the weak nuclear force, the force behind radioactive decay, and was discovered at CERN in 1983. The scientist is seen wearing special glasses that enable viewing of computer- generated stereoscopic images of the particle tracks following the collision inside the Large Detector. The first Z-zero seen at SLC was detected on 11 April 1989. MODEL RELEASED [1988]
    USA_SCI_PHY_08_xs.jpg
  • Surrounded by the robots used in his Georgia Institute of Technology laboratory, computer scientist Ronald C. Arkin specializes in behavior-based robots, he's written a textbook with that name. Concerned more with software than hardware, he buys robots from companies and modifies their behavior, increasing their capacities. But outside such places, what Arkin calls "the physical situatedness" of the robot is "absolutely crucial" to its ability to act and react appropriately. Like many of his colleagues, he has been inspired by the way insects and other nonhuman life forms have adapted to their environment. From the book Robo sapiens: Evolution of a New Species, page 153.
    USA_rs_331_qxxs.jpg
  • Matthew Jones, wearing 3-D glasses to view computer simulations, from the Stanford Linear Collider (SLC) experiment, seen with a computer-simulated collision event between an electron and a positron. The SLC produces Z-zero particles by this collision process, which takes place at extremely high energies. The Z-zero is one of the mediators of the weak nuclear force, the force behind radioactive decay, and was discovered at CERN in 1983. The scientist is seen wearing special glasses that enable viewing of computer- generated stereoscopic images of the particle tracks following the collision inside the Large Detector. The first Z-zero seen at SLC was detected on 11 April 1989. MODEL RELEASED [1988]
    USA_SCI_PHY_07_xs.jpg
  • Physics: Scientist, Cynthia Alviso, with two organic aerogels. The cloudy white disc is silica aerogel, whilst the red disc is an aerogel containing fibers of an organic material. Aerogel is a new material, which has very high thermal insulation and extremely low mass. It is made by drying a water-based or alcohol-based gel in a super fluid process that prevents the gel from collapsing. The resulting block of linked microscopic fibers contains about 90% air, so is very lightweight. Aerogel is being studied as a thermal insulator and as a holding medium for nuclear fusion fuel. Photographed at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, USA. MODEL RELEASED [1991].
    USA_SCI_PHY_31_xs.jpg
  • Physics: Scientist Hans Hofer at CERN..CERN is the European centre for particle physics near Geneva. L3 is one of 4 giant particle detectors at the LEP Collider. LEP collides electrons & positrons accelerated to an energy of 50 GeV in a circular tunnel 100m underground & 27km in circumference. L3 is a cylindrical assembly of many types of apparatus - hadron & electromagnetic calorimeters, drift chambers, & a time projection chamber - which fit together like layers of an onion around the point where the particles collide. L3 is a collaboration of 460 physicists from institutions in 13 countries..Geneva, Switzerland. MODEL RELEASED [1988]
    SWI_SCI_PHY_08_xs.jpg
  • Harvard scientist Walter Gilbert studying a DNA sequencing autoradiogram, made in the course of research associated with the human genome project. The term genome describes the full set of genes expressed by an organism's chromosomes. A gene is a section of DNA that instructs a cell to make a specific protein. The task of constructing such a complete blueprint of genetic information for humans is divided into two main phases: mapping genes and other markers on chromosomes, and decoding the DNA sequences of genes on all the chromosomes. Numerous laboratories worldwide are engaged on various aspects of genome research. MODEL RELEASED.
    USA_SCI_HGP_26_xs.jpg
  • Human Genome Project: Portrait of Leroy Hood, Caltech scientist. Leroy Hood is an American biologist. He won the 2003 Lemelson-MIT Prize for inventing "four instruments that have unlocked much of the mystery of human biology" by helping decode the genome. Hood also won the 2002 Kyoto Prize for Advanced Technology, and the 1987 Albert Lasker Award for Basic Medical Research. His inventions include the automated DNA sequencer, a device to create proteins and an automated tool for synthesizing DNA. Hood co-founded the Institute for Systems Biology. MODEL RELEASED (1989).
    USA_SCI_HGP_25_xs.jpg
  • Human Genome Project: Dr Jonathan Beckwith, American biologist, examining through a magnifying glass, a Petri dish containing a genetically- engineered colony of the bacteria, Escherichia coli, in his laboratory at Harvard Medical School. As a respected scientist working with genetic engineering technology, Beckwith is concerned about the social & legal implications of human genetic screening, an option that might arise from the successful completion of the human genome project - an ambitious plan to make a complete biochemical survey of every gene expressed on all the 23 pairs of human chromosomes. MODEL RELEASED (1989).
    USA_SCI_HGP_22_xs.jpg
  • Human Genome Project: Dr Jonathan Beckwith, American biologist. As a respected scientist working with genetic engineering technology, Beckwith is concerned about the social & legal implications of human genetic screening, an option that might arise from the successful completion of the human genome project - an ambitious plan to make a complete biochemical survey of every gene expressed on all the 23 pairs of human chromosomes. MODEL RELEASED (1989).
    USA_SCI_HGP_21_xs.jpg
  • Scientist works in a darkroom; preparing to photograph an agarose electrophoresis gel used in mapping DNA extracted from chromosomes of the bacteria Escherichia coli. DNA mapping refers to a physical survey of each of an organism's chromosomes in an attempt to locate genes or other landmarks. Mapping and sequencing (decoding the DNA base-pair sequences of chromosomes) are the two phases of the human genome project, an ambitious plan to reveal all of the information encoded in the 23 pairs of human chromosomes.  Dr Jonathan Beckwith's laboratory at Harvard, USA, May 1989.
    USA_SCI_HGP_13_xs.jpg
  • Human Genome Project: .Human Genome research scientist Kai Wand with PACE (Programmable controlled electrophoresis system) in his California Technical Institute Lab, USA. (1989).
    USA_SCI_HGP_11_xs.jpg
  • Human Genome Project: Dr Jonathan Beckwith, American biologist, examining through a magnifying glass, a Petri dish containing a genetically- engineered colony of the bacteria, Escherichia coli, (not in photo) in his laboratory at Harvard Medical School. As a respected scientist working with genetic engineering technology, Beckwith is concerned about the social & legal implications of human genetic screening, an option that might arise from the successful completion of the human genome project - an ambitious plan to make a complete biochemical survey of every gene expressed on all the 23 pairs of human chromosomes. MODEL RELEASED (1989)
    USA_SCI_HGP_05_xs.jpg
  • Anita Flynn with vintage robot prototype "Gnat" at the M.I.T. Insect Robot Lab in Cambridge, Massachusetts. Flynn was an Insect Lab scientist who liked to dream up possible jobs for tiny, cheap, throwaway robots.  She suggested that a gnat could crawl along an underground electrical cable until it finds a break, bridge the gap, and stay there as a permanent repair. Robo sapiens Project.
    Usa_rs_19_01_xs.jpg
  • Reviewing the results of her work, Carnegie Mellon computer scientist Manuela Veloso (kneeling) watches the university soccer-robot team chase after the ball on a field on the floor of her lab. Every year, the Carnegie Mellon squad plays against other soccer-robot teams from around the world in an international competition known as RoboCup. Veloso's team, CMUnited, is highly regarded. Flanked by research engineer Sorin Achim, postdoctoral fellow Peter Stone, and graduate research assistant Michael Bowling (right to left), Veloso is running through the current year's strategy a month before the world championships in Stockholm. CMU's AIBO team members are Scott Lenser, Elly Winner, and James Bruce. Pittsburgh, PA. From the book Robo sapiens: Evolution of a New Species, page 214.
    USA_rs_114_qxxs.jpg
  • Physics: Scientist checking the sense wires of the muon detector inside the clean room of CERN's L-3 experiment during construction in [1988] The detector consists of 250, 000 beryllium and tungsten wires mounted in 80 chambers. A pair of positive and negative muons may be produced by the collision of an electron and a positron, the wires detect the muons and measure their momentum. The L-3 experiment is part of CERN's Large Electron- Positron Collider (LEP), inaugurated on 13 November 1989. [1988].
    SWI_SCI_PHY_09_xs.jpg
  • Nano Technology: Molecular bearing. Computer scientist Ralph Merkle models a molecular bearing designed on computer. Merkle is head of Computational Nanotechnology at Xerox Parc (Palo Alto Research Center) in California, USA. Using desktop simulations he builds tiny machines atom by atom, such as this frictionless bearing, which would be too small to see even with the world's most powerful microscope. Although still on the frontiers of science, nanotechnology could one day lead to a host of revolutionary miniature inventions, such as microscopic nanorobots that patrol the human body in search of cancer tumors. [1995]
    USA_SCI_NANO_02_120_xs.jpg
  • Research on the human genome: Caltech scientist Kai Wand loading an electrophoresis gel into a computer-controlled system used for DNA sequencing of human chromosomes. DNA sequencing involves decoding the base pair sequence of sections of DNA encode specific proteins. Sequencing and mapping chromosomes to locate genes or other important markers - are two phases in the human genome project. The human genome is a complete genetic blueprint - a detailed plan of every gene expressed in all 23 pairs of human chromosomes. MODEL RELEASED (1989).
    USA_SCI_HGP_14_xs.jpg
  • Research on the human genome: Caltech scientist Leroy Hood preparing an electrophoresis gel used in a computer-controlled system for DNA sequencing of human chromosomes. DNA sequencing involves decoding the base pair sequence of sections of DNA encode specific proteins. Sequencing and mapping chromosomes to locate genes or other important markers - are two phases in the human genome project. The human genome is a complete genetic blueprint - a detailed plan of every gene expressed on all 23 pairs of chromosomes. MODEL RELEASED (1989).
    USA_SCI_HGP_08_xs.jpg
  • Walter Gilbert, Harvard University Nobel laureate scientist, appears next to a computer graphics representation of the DNA molecule in this double- exposure photograph. Gilbert is a leading proponent of the human genome project, an ambitious plan to build a complete, detailed biochemical document of every gene expressed on each of the 23 pairs of human chromosomes. MODEL RELEASED May 1989..Human Genome Project.
    USA_SCI_HGP_04_xs.jpg
  • Photographed at a baptismal font in the chapel of Schloss Burlinghoven, a nineteenth-century castle on the campus of the German National Center for Information Technology, the walking robot Sir Arthur stands with its creator, research scientist Frank Kirchner. Sir Arthur began as a relatively simple robot with sonarlike "vision" that prevented it from trapping itself in corners and snagging itself on obstacles. It was successful enough that Kirchner obtained funding from the U.S. Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency to assemble a team of researchers from diverse disciplines: computer science, math, physics, and electronic and mechanical engineering, to build an enhanced, solar-powered version that can cross rough outdoor terrain. Germany. From the book Robo sapiens: Evolution of a New Species, page 112
    GER_rs_2_qxxs.jpg
  • The Natural Resources Defense Council (NRDC]: Seismic Monitor Nuclear test project in The Republic of Kazakhstan. In 1986 the USSR Academy of Sciences allowed the NRDC to install seismic monitoring instruments within a few hundred kilometers of their nuclear test site to verify that the USSR was not testing nuclear weapons underground during the nuclear test ban. By allowing this monitoring on their soil and by monitoring near the Nevada test site in the USA, mutual trust was built that facilitated the end of the Cold War. Staff at the Karkarlinsk Field lab bore hole seismic monitor. (1987]
    KAZ_SCI_NUKE_02_xs.jpg
  • MODEL RELEASED. Kismet robot interacting with a mirror held by researcher Cynthia Breazeal. Kismet is a robot that responds with facial expressions to her actions. It has been developed for the study of action recognition and learning, particularly in children. Kismet has several moods, which it displays as expressions on its face. It responds to visual stimuli like a baby. When there are no stimuli, it shows a sad expression. When paid attention to, as here, Kismet looks interested. Like a child, Kismet responds best to bright colours and moderate movements. Photographed at Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, USA.
    Usa_rs_565_xxs.jpg
  • Gary Wiles, U.S. Department of Agriculture and Wildlife Resources with a Mariana fruit bat clinging to his shirt. The Mariana fruit bat - a medium-sized bat found only in Guam and the Commonwealth of.the Northern Mariana Islands (CNMI) - has been reclassified from endangered to threatened status on Guam and newly listed as threatened in the CNMI (as of 2005).  (MODEL RELEASED).
    GUM_13_120_xs.jpg
  • Guam; Earl Campbell's brown tree snake research in a jungle area near Andersen Air Force Base. Snakes trapped, tagged, sexed, measured, weighed and released. . There are no birds on the Pacific Island of Guam thanks to the Brown Tree Snake. These hungry egg-eating snakes have overrun the tropical island after arriving on a lumber freighter from New Guinea during World War II. Besides wiping out the bird population, Brown Tree Snakes cause frequent power outages: they commit short circuit suicide when climbing between power lines.
    GUM_08_xs.jpg
  • Physics: Raychem Corporation's CEO Paul Cook in electron accelerator radiation chamber (plastic pipe irradiation) MODEL RELEASED [1987]
    USA_SCI_PHY_13_xs.jpg
  • The Natural Resources Defense Council (NRDC]: Seismic Monitor Nuclear test project in The Republic of Kazakhstan. In 1986 the USSR Academy of Sciences allowed the NRDC to install seismic monitoring instruments within a few hundred kilometers of their nuclear test site to verify that the USSR was not testing nuclear weapons underground during the nuclear test ban. By allowing this monitoring on their soil and by monitoring near the Nevada test site in the USA, mutual trust was built that facilitated the end of the Cold War. Karkarlinsk Field lab. Jon Berger and Stolrov pass the time playing a game of chess (American vs. Soviet]. MODEL RELEASED (1987]
    KAZ_SCI_NUKE_11_xs.jpg
  • Burton Richter (b.1931), Director of the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center (SLAC), photographed during the construction of the Stanford Linear Collider in 1986. Richter won the 1976 Nobel Prize for Physics, following his discovery of the Psi- particle at the SLAC in 1974. The Prize was shared with Sam Ting of Brookhaven National Laboratory. The discovery of the Psi- particle also implied the existence of two new quarks, Charm and anti- Charm. Richter has been at SLAC since 1964, having also designed the PEP positron-electron storage ring at Stanford. Richter became Director of SLAC in 1984, and now oversees projects such as the Stanford Linear Positron-Electron Collider. MODEL RELEASED. Detector 4 SLC in CEH. MODEL RELEASED.
    USA_SCI_PHY_20_xs.jpg
  • Physics: Stanford Linear Accelerator Center (SLAC) Helen Quinn, theoretician. Stanford Linear Collider (SLC) experiment, Menlo Park, California. With a length of 3km, the Stanford Linear Accelerator is the largest of its kind in the world. The accelerator is used to produce streams of electrons and positrons, which collide at a combined energy of 100 GeV (Giga electron Volts). This massive energy is sufficient to produce Z-zero particles in the collision. The Z-zero is one of the mediators of the weak nuclear force, the force behind radioactive decay, and was first discovered at CERN, Geneva, in 1983. The first Z-zero at SLC was produced on 11 April 1989. MODEL RELEASED [1986].
    USA_SCI_PHY_05_xs.jpg
  • Physics: Lawrence Livermore National Lab in Livermore, California. New Materials: Cermet. Paul Curtis putting ceramic and aluminum in oven. MODEL RELEASED [1991]
    USA_SCI_PHY_12_xs.jpg
  • Physics: British theoretical physicist Professor Peter Higgs seen in Holyrood Park overlooking Edinburgh, Scotland (b. 1929). In 1964, Higgs predicted the existence of a new type of fundamental particle, commonly called the Higgs boson. This particle is required by many of the current Grand Unified Theories (or GUTs), which hope to explain three of the fundamental forces (electromagnetism, the weak & the strong nuclear forces) in a single unified theory. The Higgs boson is yet to be detected experimentally, but it is one of the main challenges of high-energy particle accelerators now being built. Higgs is professor of theoretical physics at Edinburgh University. MODEL RELEASED [1988]
    GBR_SCI_PHY_04_xs.jpg
  • Physics: British theoretical physicist Professor Peter Higgs seen in Holyrood Park overlooking Edinburgh, Scotland (b. 1929). In 1964, Higgs predicted the existence of a new type of fundamental particle, commonly called the Higgs boson. This particle is required by many of the current Grand Unified Theories (or GUTs), which hope to explain three of the fundamental forces (electromagnetism, the weak & the strong nuclear forces) in a single unified theory. The Higgs boson is yet to be detected experimentally, but it is one of the main challenges of high-energy particle accelerators now being built. Higgs is professor of theoretical physics at Edinburgh University. MODEL RELEASED [1988]
    GBR_SCI_PHY_03_xs.jpg
  • Physics: Samuel C.C. Ting (b.1936), Project Director of the L-3 Detector Experiment at CERN's Large Electron- Positron Collider (LEP). Sam Ting won the 1976 Nobel Prize for physics (shared with Burton Richter), following his discovery of the J/Psi particle at the Brookhaven Laboratory in 1974. The J/Psi particle, and the Psi-prime particle discovered by Richter, implied the existence of two new quarks, Charm and anti-Charm. The L-3 experiment at CERN is designed to search for the fundamental particles of nature and the mechanism by which they receive their mass. MODEL RELEASED [1988]
    SWI_SCI_PHY_03_xs.jpg
  • Stanton Friedman. Portrait of Stanton T. Friedman, nuclear physicist and author of books examining the UFO incident near Roswell, New Mexico, USA. He makes a living from writing and lecturing on UFOs. The Roswell incident started on 2 July 1947 when UFO sightings were reported during a thunderstorm. Next morning a rancher, Mac Brazel, discovered strange wreckage in a field. When the impact site was located, a UFO craft and alien bodies were allegedly found. On 8 July 1947, the Roswell Daily Record announced the capture of a flying saucer. The official statement was that a weather balloon had crashed. Many Roswell inhabitants, however, believe this a cover up, and that aliens arrived. Model Released (1997).
    USA_SCI_UFO_15_xs.jpg
  • Pherin Pharmaceutical in Mountain View, California. Company founders left to right: Jennings, White and Louis Monti, MD, PhD. MODEL RELEASED (2002)
    USA_SCI_PHAR_07_xs.jpg
  • USA_SCI_PHAR_01_xs .Pherin Pharmaceutical in Mountain View, California. Dr. C Jennings-White, Vice-President. Chemical research in lab with test compounds. MODEL RELEASED (2002).Pherin Pharmaceutical produces a family of pharmaceutical compounds called vomeropherins. These compounds are delivered to the vomeronasal organ (VNO) that in turn affects the hypothalamus and the limbic system. The human VNO is linked to the hypothalamus and limbic areas, which enables Pherin to develop therapeutic drugs targeted against a variety of medical conditions associated with these brain regions such as mood disorders, neuro-endocrine function, body weight management, body temperature, sexual motivation, water and salt balance, blood pressure, and sugar and fat metabolism. .The vomeronasal organ (VNO) or Jacobson's organ is an auxiliary olfactory sense organ in some tetrapods. In adults, it is located in the vomer bone, between the nose and the mouth. Anatomical studies demonstrate that in humans the vomeronasal organ regresses during fetal development, as is the case with some other mammals, including other apes, cetaceans, and some bats. There is no evidence of a neural connection between the organ and the brain in adult humans. Nevertheless, a small pit can be found in the nasal septum of some people, and some researchers have argued that this pit represents a functional vomeronasal organ. Thus, its possible presence in humans remains controversial.
    USA_SCI_PHAR_01_xs.jpg
  • Circular computer scanner used to read sections of DNA sequencing autoradiograms for subsequent computer analysis, part of the human genome project studies at Cal Tech, Lee Hood Lab, USA. The term genome describes the full set of genes expressed by an organism's chromosomes. A gene is a section of DNA that instructs a cell to make a specific protein. The task of constructing such a complete blueprint of genetic information for humans is divided into two main phases: mapping genes and other markers on chromosomes, and decoding the DNA sequences of genes on all the chromosomes. Numerous laboratories worldwide are engaged on various aspects of genome research.
    USA_SCI_HGP_29_xs.jpg
  • Human Genome Project: Charles R. Cantor and Cassandra Smith, American biologists, photographed in a laboratory at Columbia University, New York, in May 1989. Cantor's area of research is human genetics. With colleagues at Columbia, he has contributed to work on the human genome project, an ambitious plant to construct a complete biochemical document detailing every gene expressed on each of the 23 pairs of human chromosomes. Smith's area of research is human genetics. With colleagues at Columbia, she has contributed to work on the human genome project, an ambitious plant to construct a complete biochemical document detailing every gene expressed on each of the 23 pairs of human chromosomes. MODEL RELEASED.
    USA_SCI_HGP_28_xs.jpg
  • Fluorescence micrograph of human chromosomes showing the mapping of cloned fragments of DNA (DNA probes) to the long arms of chromosome 11. In this image, the chromosomes are stained to give red fluorescence, with the probes appearing as areas of green/yellow fluorescence on the ends of the chromosomes. Mapping chromosomes may be regarded as a physical survey of each chromosome to find the location of genes or other markers. Mapping & sequencing (decoding the base-pair sequence of all the DNA in each chromosome) are the two main phases of the human genome project, an ambitious plan to reveal all of the genetic information encoded by every human chromosome.
    USA_SCI_HGP_19_xs.jpg
  • Human Genome Project: Cal Tech, Lee Hood Lab. Computer monitor showing DNA Sequencing Gels: Computer Assisted.  (1989)
    USA_SCI_HGP_15_xs.jpg
  • Human Genome Project: Columbia University. Charles Cantor, American biologist, photographed in a laboratory at Columbia University, New York, in May 1989. Cantor's area of research is human genetics. With colleagues at Columbia, he has contributed to work on the human genome project, an ambitious plant to construct a complete biochemical document detailing every gene expressed on each of the 23 pairs of human chromosomes. MODEL RELEASED (1989).
    USA_SCI_HGP_10_xs.jpg
  • Research on the human genome: Dr Peter Lichter, of Yale Medical School, using a light microscope to do fine mapping of long DNA fragments on human chromosomes using a technique known as non- radioactive in-situ hybridization. The chromosomes appear in red on the monitor screen, whilst the DNA fragments (called probes) appear yellow/green. Mapping chromosomes may be regarded as a physical survey of each chromosome to find the location of genes or other markers. Mapping & sequencing are the two main phases of the genome project; an ambitious plan to build a complete blueprint of human genetic information..Human Genome Project.
    USA_SCI_HGP_07_xs.jpg
  • Airborne infrared astronomy. Alan Meyer (left) and Roger Hildebrand seen during a flight of the Kuiper Airborne Observatory (KAO). The screen displays show the image made by the alignment telescope (left) and the infrared telescope (right). The KAO is a converted Lockheed C-141A Starlifter aircraft, containing a 90-cm infrared telescope. Flying at up to 12,500 meters, the KAO can cruise well above most of the atmospheric water vapor,, which absorbs far-infrared radiation. The KAO also contains computerized data reduction and analysis stations. Operated by NASA, the first flight of the KAO was in January [1992] NASA AMES Research Center at Moffett Field, Mountain View, California. Infrared telescope looking at gas clouds. [1992]
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  • Mountain View, California.Researcher Dr. Lynn Rothschild takes samples of algal communities in order to study the impact of ultraviolet light damage on molecular evolution. Like many researchers at NASA/Ames Research center in Mountain View, California, Dr. Rothschild performs experiments to hypothesize about the origins of life on earth and the possible existence of life on other planets. Dr. Rothschild studies the biology of hostile environments in order to extrapolate about the conditions on earth when life began forming here several billion years ago and about the possibilities of life on other planets. MODEL RELEASED 1999
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  • Colin Angle gives life to Genghis at the M.I.T. Insect Robot Lab in Cambridge, Massachusetts. Robo sapiens Project.
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  • Dan Paluska, the mechanical engineering grad student leading M2's hardware design and construction, is seen here in a double exposure that melds him with his machine for a photo illustration. The lower torso and extremity robot, called M2, took its first tentative steps last year here in the basement of MIT's Leg Laboratory. Established in 1980 by Marc Raibert, the Leg Lab was home to the first robots that mimicked human walking; swinging like an inverted pendulum from step to step. Similar to image published on the cover of Wired Magazine, September 2000. MIT Leg Lab, Cambridge, MA.
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  • In Cambridge, MA, retired M.I.T. professor, Jerome Lettvin speaks about his nervous system research. Robo sapiens Project.
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  • Harold Cohen, former director of the Center for Research in Computing and the Arts (CRCA), is the author of the celebrated AARON program, an ongoing research effort in autonomous machine (art making) intelligence. Cohen is seen looking at his creation, a robot "artist" that painted the picture in the background. California, USA
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  • In Palo Alto, CA Gavin Miller and his wife Nancy test his robotic snake in the driveway of their home. Miller builds the snakes in his garage. Gavin's dog barks a the snake to the amusement of his wife, Nancy.
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  • In the same building as Robert Full at UC Berkeley is Michael Dickinson, whose email address "FlymanD" is revealing. Dickinson is a biologist specializing in the study of the aerodynamics of flapping flight. His bizarre studies of fruit fly flight are fascinating. In one small room sits a Plexiglas tank filled with two metric tons of mineral oil. Suspended in the oil are giant mechanical models of fruit fly wings, RoboFly. Because the tiny movements of the wings of a real fruit fly displace air on such a small scale that the air acts sticky, RoboFly enables Dickinson to study similar forces when the giant wings are flapping in oil.
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  • Force-feedback is widely used in data gloves, which send hand movements to grasping machines. The robot hand, which was built by the students in Mark Cutkosky's Stanford lab, transmits the "feel" of the blocks between its pincers, giving operators a sense of how hard they are gripping. Stanford, CA. From the book Robo sapiens: Evolution of a New Species, page 137 bottom.
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  • Rodney Brooks of MIT (with the latest incarnation of Cog, his humanoid robot) believes it likely that robots can achieve humanlike intelligence and consciousness. But when that happens, he says, it will be unethical to have them work for us; we shouldn't treat our creations as our slaves. I think we're a long way from having to face it, but the landscape is going to be so unimaginable that it's hard to say sensible things." MIT, Cambridge, MA. From the book Robo sapiens: Evolution of a New Species, page 25.
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  • Dismissing the fears that robots will come to dominate their creators, Hans Moravec of Carnegie Mellon argues that humans will literally become robots, "uploading" their consciousness and memories into their computers. Photographed at Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA. From the book Robo sapiens: Evolution of a New Species, page 33.
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  • The product of a long quest, Robot III, an artificial cockroach built by mechanical engineer Roger Quinn (in blue shirt) and biologist Roy Ritzmann at Case Western Reserve University in Cleveland, OH, required seven years to construct. (Quinn directs the Biorobotics Lab at the university.) From the book Robo sapiens: Evolution of a New Species, page 102-103.
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  • AeroVironment engineers (left to right) Marty Spadaro, Paul Trist Jr., Tom DeMarino, and Carlos Miralles cluster around the working prototype of the Mars glider, Otto. NASA sees an airplane as an important tool for exploring Mars early in the 21st century, and AeroVironment is seeking the honor of building the plane. From the book Robo sapiens: Evolution of a New Species, page 158 top.
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  • In a Kafkaesque scenario, an anesthetized female cockroach is pinned on its back in a petri dish coated with a rubbery goo. Guiding himself by peering through a microscope, James T. Watson, a staff researcher in Roy Ritzmann's lab at Case Western Reserve University, inserts the wires from thin pink electrodes into one of the insect's leg muscles. The electrodes will be used to take measurements of the insect's leg muscles when it moves-information that will be used by roboticist Roger Quinn in his roach-robot projects. Cleveland, OH. From the book Robo sapiens: Evolution of a New Species, page 104.
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  • When the Three Mile Island reactor failed catastrophically in 1979, the intense radioactivity in the plant prevented its owners from surveying and repairing the damage. Four years later, with conditions still unknown, Carnegie Mellon engineer William L. "Red" Whittaker designed several remote-controlled robots that were able to venture into the radioactive plant. From the book Robo sapiens: Evolution of a New Species, page 141.
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  • Leaning over the glass-topped workbench in the spare bedroom of his Los Alamos, NM condominium, where he builds most of his robot creatures, Mark Tilden shines a flashlight on what will become the head of Nito 1.0. Many of the components scattered over his desk are simple, cheap, and (by contemporary standards) primitive; many are ripped from junked tape decks, cameras, and VCRs. Nito will be Tilden's most ambitious creation yet. (The name stands for "Neural Implementation of a Torso Organism.") When complete, he says, this easily built machine should interact in a simianlike fashion in its world. From the book Robo sapiens: Evolution of a New Species, page 121..
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  • The H7 robot walks without a safety harness at the Inoue-Inaba Robotics Lab. A joystick operating student, seated at right maneuvers the robot. Research Associate Satoshi Kagami (wearing a suit in the photo) walks with the robot, armed with its "kill switch" in case the robot malfunctions. Its predecessor, H6 hangs at left, near another student who is ready to step in, in the event that the robot falls. The researchers are fairly relaxed during the demonstration compared to those in other labs. University of Tokyo, Japan.
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  • When a terrifying earthquake leveled part of Turkey in the fall of 1999, rescuers had trouble pulling victims from the rubble because it was too risky to crawl through the unstable ruins. As a result, some people died before they could be rescued. Shigeo Hirose of the Tokyo Technical Institute thinks he may have the solution: Blue Dragon (Souryu in Japanese). A light, triple-jointed robot with a digital camera in its nose, Blue Dragon could crawl through an earthquake-damaged building in search of survivors. Wriggling over a pile of shattered concrete on a construction site at the institute's campus, the battery-operated robot fell over several times, but righted itself quickly and continued slithering through the pile of stone. Japan. From the book Robo sapiens: Evolution of a New Species, page 148-149.
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  • Atsuo Takanishi of the Humanoid Research Laboratory, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan, conversing with writer Faith D'Aluisio at his university laboratory. One of the leading researchers at Japan's Waseda University's long-term robotics project, mechanical engineer Atsuo Takanishi studied under the late Ichiro Kato, a robotics pioneer, and superb fundraiser, who made the school into the epicenter of the field. Continuing Kato's emphasis on "biomechatronics", replicating the functions of animals with machines, Takanishi now supervises the research group that produced WABIAN-RII (behind him in photograph). From the book Robo sapiens: Evolution of a New Species, page 18.
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  • Exemplifying the attempts by Japanese researchers to put a friendly face on their robots, DB's creators are teaching it the Kacha-shi, an Okinawan folk dance. Unlike most robots, DB did not acquire the dance by being programmed. Instead, it observed human dancers?project researchers, actually, and repeatedly attempted to mimic their behavior until it was successful. Project member Stefan Schaal, a neurophysicist at the University of Southern California (in red shirt), believes that by means of this learning process robots will ultimately develop a more flexible intelligence. It will also lead, he hopes, to a better understanding of the human brain. The DB project is funded by the Exploratory Research for Advanced Technology (ERATO) Humanoid Project and led by independent researcher Mitsuo Kawato. Based at a research facility 30 miles outside of Kyoto, Japan. From the book Robo sapiens: Evolution of a New Species, page 51.
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  • By creating a simulacrum of the human eye, the DB project leader and biophysicist Mitsuo Kawato hopes to learn more about human vision. The DB project is funded by the Exploratory Research for Advanced Technology (ERATO) Humanoid Project and led by independent researcher Mitsuo Kawato. Based at a research facility 30 miles outside of Kyoto, Japan. From the book Robo sapiens: Evolution of a New Species, page 55.
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  • Professor George Allen holding a sturgeon at the waste water wetlands in Arcata, California. (1989) MODEL RELEASED. USA.
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  • San Francisco Bay model, with the Golden Gate bridge. Sausalito. California. An engineer is taking a water sample.
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  • Veterinarian School - Tropical diseases research lab. MODEL RELEASED.
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  • CIMMYT: The International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center outside Mexico City, Mexico. Dr. Marilyn Warburton extracts DNA out of a young corn seedling whose green leaf is ground into juice.
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  • Dr. Daoud, head of preventive services at Ahmadi Hospital showing Sheep lungs: R-healthy Australian sheep, L-local sheep breathing smoke (May, 1991). Dr. Daoud, a Palestinian doctor working in Kuwait for many years, participated in studies of the effects of breathing oil well fire smoke for extended periods of time by dissecting the lungs of sheep kept alive in Kuwait and comparing them with imported sheep. He displayed some of the healthy and diseased lungs.
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  • The Natural Resources Defense Council (NRDC]: Seismic Monitor Nuclear test project in The Republic of Kazakhstan. In 1986 the USSR Academy of Sciences allowed the NRDC to install seismic monitoring instruments within a few hundred kilometers of their nuclear test site to verify that the USSR was not testing nuclear weapons underground during the nuclear test ban. By allowing this monitoring on their soil and by monitoring near the Nevada test site in the USA, mutual trust was built that facilitated the end of the Cold War. Karkarlinsk Field lab. Workers pass the time playing a game of chess (American, Jon Berger vs. Soviet, Stolyrov]. MODEL RELEASED (1987]
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  • The Natural Resources Defense Council (NRDC]: Seismic Monitor Nuclear test project in The Republic of Kazakhstan. In 1986 the USSR Academy of Sciences allowed the NRDC to install seismic monitoring instruments within a few hundred kilometers of their nuclear test site to verify that the USSR was not testing nuclear weapons underground during the nuclear test ban. By allowing this monitoring on their soil and by monitoring near the Nevada test site in the USA, mutual trust was built that facilitated the end of the Cold War. Karkarlinsk Field lab. Early morning party in Soviet dorm with Americans and Soviets. (1987]
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  • Earthquake research. Geophysicist, William Prescott in the computer data room, with earthquake data recording equipment behind him, at the U.S. Geological Survey's laboratory at Menlo Park, California. USA MODEL RELEASED.
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  • Earthquake research. Geophysicist, William Prescott sketches a curve with a light pen showing a typical earthquake curve at the U.S. Geological Survey's laboratory at Menlo Park, California. MODEL RELEASED.
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  • A fossilized dinosaur limb bone is prepared in the paleontology laboratory of Monash University, Australia by Leslie Kool. Preparation involves the removal of the fossil from the rock matrix, in which it is embedded, using a fine-tipped drill. Fossils are normally removed from the field with a substantial portion of rock or plaster around them. This allows the removal to be performed slowly and carefully, avoiding damage to the sample, and any required preservation work to be made. This fossil was found near Dinosaur Cove in southern Australia, the first mining operation specifically for the purpose of fossil hunting. MODEL RELEASED [1989]
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  • Physics: Stanford Linear Accelerator Center (SLAC), Menlo Park, California. Control Room [1988]. Instrumentation displays inside the control room of the Stanford Linear Collider (SLC) experiment, Menlo Park, California. With a length of 3km, the Stanford Linear Accelerator is the largest of its kind in the world. The accelerator is used to produce streams of electrons and positrons, which collide at a combined energy of 100 GeV (Giga electron Volts). This massive energy is sufficient to produce Z-zero particles in the collision. The Z-zero is one of the mediators of the weak nuclear force, the force behind radioactive decay, and was first discovered at CERN, Geneva, in 1983. The first Z-zero at SLC was produced on 11 April 1989.
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  • Physics: Stanford Linear Accelerator Center (SLAC) Martin Perl, Physicist at SLAC..Stanford Linear Collider (SLC) experiment, Menlo Park, California. With a length of 3km, the Stanford Linear Accelerator is the largest of its kind in the world. The accelerator is used to produce streams of electrons and positrons, which collide at a combined energy of 100 GeV (Giga electron Volts). This massive energy is sufficient to produce Z-zero particles in the collision. The Z-zero is one of the mediators of the weak nuclear force, the force behind radioactive decay, and was first discovered at CERN, Geneva, in 1983. The first Z-zero at SLC was produced on 11 April 1989. MODEL RELEASED [1988]
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  • Alan Weinstein from the Stanford Linear Collider (SLC) experiment, seen with a computer-simulated collision event between an electron and a positron. The SLC produces Z-zero particles by this collision process, which takes place at energies high enough for the electron and positron to annihilate one another, the Z-zero left decaying rapidly into another electron/positron pair or a quark/anti-quark pair. The Z-zero is one of the mediators of the weak nuclear force, the force behind radioactive decay, and was discovered at CERN in 1983. The first Z-zero seen at SLC was detected on 11 April 1989. MODEL RELEASED [1988] Menlo Park, California.
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  • Professor Boris Rubinsky at University of California Berkeley, Department of Bioengineering and Mechanical Engineering. He developed the first "bionic chip", in which a biological cell is part of the actual electronic circuitry, invented with graduate student Yong Huang. MODEL RELEASED [2001]
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  • Burton Richter (b.1931), Director of the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center (SLAC), photographed during the construction of the Stanford Linear Collider in [1988] Richter won the 1976 Nobel Prize for Physics, following his discovery of the Psi- particle at the SLAC in 1974. The Prize was shared with Sam Ting of Brookhaven National Laboratory. The discovery of the Psi- particle also implied the existence of two new quarks, Charm and anti- Charm. Richter has been at SLAC since 1964, having also designed the PEP positron-electron storage ring at Stanford. Richter became Director of SLAC in 1984, and now oversees projects such as the Stanford Linear Positron-Electron Collider. MODEL RELEASED [1988]
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  • Burton Richter (b.1931), Director of the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center (SLAC), photographed during the construction of the Stanford Linear Collider in [1988] Richter won the 1976 Nobel Prize for Physics, following his discovery of the Psi- particle at the SLAC in 1974. The Prize was shared with Sam Ting of Brookhaven National Laboratory. The discovery of the Psi- particle also implied the existence of two new quarks, Charm and anti- Charm. Richter has been at SLAC since 1964, having also designed the PEP positron-electron storage ring at Stanford. Richter became Director of SLAC in 1984, and now oversees projects such as the Stanford Linear Positron-Electron Collider. MODEL RELEASED [1988]
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  • Physics: Proton Decay. Ohio, Morton Salt Mine 1985. Proton decay detector located 600 meters underground in the Morton salt mine near Cleveland, Ohio, which consists of a massive tank containing 21 cubic meters of ultra pure water, its walls lined with photomultiplier tubes, which detect faint flashes of Cerenkov light emitted by the passage of charged particles. MODEL RELEASED
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  • Physics: Proton Decay control room. Cleveland, Ohio, Morton Salt Mine proton decay detector located 600 meters underground in the Morton salt mine near Cleveland, Ohio, which consists of a massive tank containing 21 cubic meters of ultra pure water, its walls lined with photomultiplier tubes, which detect faint flashes of Cerenkov light emitted by the passage of charged particles. [1985]
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  • Physics: A blowtorch is applied to a sample of aerogel to demonstrate its insulation properties. Aerogel is a new material, which has very high thermal insulation properties and extremely low mass. It is made by adding alcohol to a conventional silica gel to remove water. The gel is then placed in a pressure chamber, and the alcohol removed under super fluid conditions. This prevents the gel from collapsing. The resulting block of silica fibers contains about 90% air, so is very lightweight. Aerogel is being studied as an insulating material and as a holding medium for nuclear fusion fuel. Photographed at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, USA. [1991]
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  • Physics: Lawrence Livermore National Lab in Livermore, California. New Materials: thin multilayer (copper and zirconium) held by Troy Barbee. MODEL RELEASED [1991]
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  • Physics: British theoretical physicist Professor Peter Higgs seen in Holyrood Park in Edinburgh, Scotland (b. 1929). In 1964, Higgs predicted the existence of a new type of fundamental particle, commonly called the Higgs boson. This particle is required by many of the current Grand Unified Theories (or GUTs), which hope to explain three of the fundamental forces (electromagnetism, the weak & the strong nuclear forces) in a single unified theory. The Higgs boson is yet to be detected experimentally, but it is one of the main challenges of high-energy particle accelerators now being built. Higgs is professor of theoretical physics at Edinburgh University. MODEL RELEASED [1988]
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  • Physics: British theoretical physicist Professor Peter Higgs seen in the Café Royal Pub in Edinburgh, Scotland (b. 1929). In 1964, Higgs predicted the existence of a new type of fundamental particle, commonly called the Higgs boson. This particle is required by many of the current Grand Unified Theories (or GUTs), which hope to explain three of the fundamental forces (electromagnetism, the weak & the strong nuclear forces) in a single unified theory. The Higgs boson is yet to be detected experimentally, but it is one of the main challenges of high-energy particle accelerators now being built. Higgs is professor of theoretical physics at Edinburgh University. MODEL RELEASED [1988]
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  • Physics: Assembly of Bismuth Germanium Oxide (BGO) Crystal for the L-3 experiment at CERN. BGO (formula Bi4 Ge3 O12) is used to detect electrons and photons generated by electron- positron collisions in the LEP Collider ring. When an electron or photon enters the crystal, its energy is converted into light. The light is channeled by the crystal to photodiodes, producing an electronic signal. 11, 000 crystals, totaling 12 tons in weight, are used in the detector, measuring the energy and position of the incoming particles at very high resolution. The LEP and L- 3 detector were inaugurated on 13 November 1989. Geneva, Switzerland..CERN is the European centre for particle physics near Geneva. L3 is one of 4 giant particle detectors at the LEP Collider. LEP collides electrons & positrons accelerated to an energy of 50 GeV in a circular tunnel 100m underground & 27km in circumference. L3 is a cylindrical assembly of many types of apparatus - hadron & electromagnetic calorimeters, drift chambers, & a time projection chamber - which fit together like layers of an onion around the point where the particles collide. L3 is a collaboration of 460 physicists from institutions in 13 countries. MODEL RELEASED [1988]
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  • Physics: Geneva, Switzerland/CERN: John Bell (b.1928), Theoretical Physicist. John Bell was a theoretical physicist at CERN, the European laboratory for particle physics. He invented the "Bell inequalities" which allowed a better understanding of the foundations of quantum mechanics, the physics of the very small. MODEL RELEASED [1987]
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