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  • (1992) Forensic science laboratory using DNA fingerprinting. Overhead view of laboratory technicians checking DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) autoradiograms. Labeling the DNA fragments in an electrophoresis gel with a radioactive marker chemical produces these. The gel is then placed on a piece of X-ray film; the radiation from the marker leaves a dark patch, representing each fragment, on the film after development. Comparison of autorads from two samples of DNA is the method by which a correlation may be made - so-called DNA fingerprinting.
    GBR_SCI_DNA_16_xs.jpg
  • (1992) DNA fingerprinting. Lauren Galbreath, a laboratory technician making a visual check of a DNA autoradiograph (autorads). Autorads are produced by labeling the DNA fragments in an electrophoresis gel with a radioactive marker chemical. The gel is then placed on a piece of X- ray film; the radiation from the marker leaves a dark patch, representing each fragment, on the film after development. Comparison of autorads from two samples of DNA is the method by which a correlation may be made - so-called DNA fingerprinting. Tarrytown New York State, USA. MODEL RELEASED
    USA_SCI_DNA_21_xs.jpg
  • (1992) DNA fingerprinting. Lauren Galbreath, a laboratory technician making a visual check of a DNA autoradiograph (autorads). Autorads are produced by labeling the DNA fragments in an electrophoresis gel with a radioactive marker chemical. The gel is then placed on a piece of X- ray film; the radiation from the marker leaves a dark patch, representing each fragment, on the film after development. Comparison of autorads from two samples of DNA is the method by which a correlation may be made - so-called DNA fingerprinting. Tarrytown New York State, USA. MODEL RELEASED
    USA_SCI_DNA_22_xs.jpg
  • (1992) Blood storage. Blood samples being stored in a cryogenic freezer. The blood can be used to produce a DNA fingerprint even after years of storage. Selected DNA extracted from the blood is separated into DNA bands by electrophoresis in an agarose gel. The pattern of DNA bands is unique to each person, but related people, such as a parent & child, share some bands. DNA fingerprints can be used to prove conclusively whether people are related. It can also be used to identify and convict criminals from blood, semen or hair left at the scene of a crime.  Cellmark Diagnostics, a commercial laboratory near Oxford, UK.
    GBR_SCI_DNA_06_xs.jpg
  • A technician makes notes on a test of a fan in a window at the Underwriters test Lab Northbrook (Chicago) IL.
    USA_SCI_UWRL_09_xs.jpg
  • Carlos Barbaro tests hair drier circuits at the Underwriters test Lab in Northbrook (Chicago) IL.
    USA_SCI_UWRL_07_xs.jpg
  • Fire extinguisher test as the Underwriters test Lab in Northbrook (Chicago) IL.
    USA_SCI_UWRL_05_xs.jpg
  • Shatterproof glass gunshot tests at the Underwriters test Lab Northbrook (Chicago) IL.
    USA_SCI_UWRL_02_xs.jpg
  • Roof Panel fire test at the Underwriters test Lab, Northbrook (Chicago) IL.
    USA_SCI_UWRL_01_xs.jpg
  • CRT (TV tube) implosion test at the Underwriters test Lab in Northbrook (Chicago) IL.
    USA_SCI_UWRL_08_xs.jpg
  • CRT (TV tube) implosion test at the Underwriters test Lab in Northbrook (Chicago) IL.
    USA_SCI_UWRL_06_xs.jpg
  • Safe cracking test at the Underwriters test Lab in Northbrook (Chicago) IL.
    USA_SCI_UWRL_04_xs.jpg
  • CRT (TV tube) implosion test at the Underwriters test Lab in Northbrook (Chicago) IL.
    USA_SCI_UWRL_03_xs.jpg
  • A drop test of a portable hand vacuum at the Underwriters test Lab in Northbrook (Chicago) IL.
    USA_SCI_UWRL_10_xs.jpg
  • (1992) In the New Jersey Children's hospital, Jean Givens sits with her adopted daughter, Cynthia, who has AIDS. Tests done with DNA amplification can immediately tell the presence of the virus. DNA Fingerprinting. MODEL RELEASED
    USA_SCI_DNA_34_xs.jpg
  • Assortment of the genetic varieties (hybrids) of corn produced for experimental cultivation. Different strains display variation in thickness, length and color of the cob, and the number of grains on the cob. Escagen Corporation, San Carlos, California.  [1987].
    USA_SCI_BIOT_12_xs.jpg
  • Veterinarian School - Tropical diseases research lab. MODEL RELEASED.
    USA_ANML_13_xs.jpg
  • Cardiology ultrasound on a dog. Veterinarian School, University of California, Davis.
    USA_ANML_09_xs.jpg
  • Carole Meredith with Cabernet Sauvignon wine grape seedlings, grown from tissue culture, UC Davis, California. Viticulture/Oenology. MODEL RELEASED. USA.
    USA_WINE_01_xs.jpg
  • Dr. Daoud, head of preventive services at Ahmadi Hospital showing Sheep lungs: R-healthy Australian sheep, L-local sheep breathing smoke (May, 1991). Dr. Daoud, a Palestinian doctor working in Kuwait for many years, participated in studies of the effects of breathing oil well fire smoke for extended periods of time by dissecting the lungs of sheep kept alive in Kuwait and comparing them with imported sheep. He displayed some of the healthy and diseased lungs.
    KUW_103_xs.jpg
  • Jennifer Mason & Barbara Wagstaff perform fossilized pollen research at Monash University, Melbourne, Australia MODEL RELEASED [1989]
    AUS_SCI_DINO_18_xs.jpg
  • Robert T. Gregory of Monash University in Melbourne, Australia performs oxygen isotope ratio research on Australian dinosaur bone fragments found at a research dig at Dinosaur Cove on Cape Otway, Australia. MODEL RELEASED  [1989]
    AUS_SCI_DINO_08_xs.jpg
  • Failure Analysis Associates, Inc. (an engineering and scientific consulting firm now called Exponent). Menlo Park, California. Wind tunnel study of flat spray head. Testing pesticide dispersion for various speeds of crop duster aerial application. MODEL RELEASED
    USA_FLAN_04_xs.jpg
  • (1992) Winston Hearst, who found Anasazi Indian corn in the Spirit Cave Ruins in Utah. The 1000-year-old corn was DNA fingerprinted and later matched to a genetically similar corn from Colorado. MODEL RELEASED.
    USA_SCI_DNA_54_xs.jpg
  • (1992) The white rhino "Dinka" at the San Diego Wild Animal Park, San Diego, CA. White rhinos were proven to be a separate species by DNA fingerprinting.
    USA_SCI_DNA_53_xs.jpg
  • (1992) Frank Nastasi plants a kiss on his horse Compadre's muzzle, which was DNA tested to prove his Thoroughbred bloodline. Pine Bourne Horse Farm, Long Island, NY. DNA Fingerprinting. MODEL RELEASED.
    USA_SCI_DNA_52_xs.jpg
  • (1992) At the San Diego Zoo in California, veterinarians draw blood from Galapagos tortoises for DNA fingerprinting. The samples will be used to repopulate the islands with the correct species. DNA Fingerprinting.
    USA_SCI_DNA_50_xs.jpg
  • (1992) A copulating pair of monkeys. Using Rhesus monkeys, the National Institute of Health is attempting to develop retro-viral free (Herpes-B free) monkeys because virus-carrying monkeys can throw off test results. The goal is to minimize inbreeding to insure a pure test breed.  Human probes are being used to identify polymorphism in monkeys, and the monkeys' blood samples are DNA fingerprinted.  Monkeys are moved among half-acre outdoor pens and other smaller cages thereby minimizing inbreeding. University of California Davis, Department of Anthropology. DNA Fingerprinting.
    USA_SCI_DNA_48_xs.jpg
  • (1992) Using Rhesus monkeys, the National Institute of Health is attempting to develop retro-viral free (Herpes-B free) monkeys because virus-carrying monkeys can throw off test results. The goal is to minimize inbreeding to insure a pure test breed.  Human probes are being used to identify polymorphism in monkeys, and the monkeys' blood samples are DNA fingerprinted.  Monkeys are moved among half-acre outdoor pens and other smaller cages thereby minimizing inbreeding. University of California Davis, Department of Anthropology. DNA Fingerprinting.
    USA_SCI_DNA_45_xs.jpg
  • (1992) Elephant seals at Ano Nuevo State Reserve in California. Skin samples are collected for the Dr. B. Leboef study to determine if high social dominance is correlated to reproductive success and if the proportion of copulations a male obtains is proportional to the number of offspring sired. DNA Fingerprinting..
    USA_SCI_DNA_43_xs.jpg
  • (1992) Elephant seals at Ano Nuevo State Reserve in California. Skin samples are collected for the Dr. B. Leboef study to determine if high social dominance is correlated to reproductive success and if the proportion of copulations a male obtains is proportional to the number of offspring sired. DNA Fingerprinting.
    USA_SCI_DNA_41_xs.jpg
  • (1992) Cell line cultures growing in warm room at the Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City, Utah. DNA Fingerprinting.
    USA_SCI_DNA_39_xs.jpg
  • (1992) Fred Hutchinson cancer research center. Bone Marrow recipient Jirka Rydl awaiting transplant donor found thru DNA fingerprinting. The bands (black) on the autoradiograms show the sequence of bases in a sample of DNA. DNA Fingerprinting. MODEL RELEASED
    USA_SCI_DNA_35_xs.jpg
  • (1992) Cetus Corporation (CA) "Thermo-Cycler", using TAQ-1 bacterium amplifies DNA Millionfold overnight using P.C.R. (Polymerase chain reaction). DNA Fingerprinting.
    USA_SCI_DNA_29_xs.jpg
  • (1992) AIDS research conducted at Cetus Corporation in Emeryville, California, using PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) analysis. DNA Fingerprinting..
    USA_SCI_DNA_27_xs.jpg
  • (1992) F.B.I. serology lab, Washington, DC.  Sarah Garlow doing presumptive testing for the presence of blood on a 357 magnum.  For a liquid blood examination, Stuart Cohen is crushing the clot of whole blood sample for DNA sampling. ). DNA Fingerprinting. MODEL RELEASED
    USA_SCI_DNA_24_xs.jpg
  • (1992) Forensic science. Sarah Garlow doing presumptive testing for the presence of blood on a 357 magnum.  For a liquid blood examination, Stuart Cohen is crushing the clot of whole blood sample for DNA sampling. ). MODEL RELEASED.
    USA_SCI_DNA_23_xs.jpg
  • (1992) Karen Garner preparing a gorilla hair for analysis using PCR (polymerase chain reaction).  This hair is from Peanuts, a silverback male mountain gorilla (named by Dian Fossey) who died May 1, 1989, at about age 29.  The study is being done to assess the level of genetic diversity in gorilla populations, to clarify gorilla classification at the subspecies level, and to develop methods for pedigree determination. The bands (black) on the autoradiograms show the sequence of bases in a sample of DNA. At the San Diego Zoo in California. DNA Fingerprinting. MODEL RELEASED
    USA_SCI_DNA_20_xs.jpg
  • (1992) Microbiologist, Tom Brock at Octopus Spring and White Creek (Great Fountain Area) where he found the bacteria Thermus Aquaticus (TAQ 1), which is used in a process to amplify DNA called polymerase chain reaction (PCR). His discovery made automated PCR possible.  Here he was studying the out-flow channels of boiling hot springs. DNA Fingerprinting. MODEL RELEASED
    USA_SCI_DNA_14_xs.jpg
  • (1992) An 8,000 year old brain of a prehistoric American which was part of a DNA study of 91 brains on lineage relationships and hereditary diseases conducted at the University of Florida in Gainesville.
    USA_SCI_DNA_10_xs.jpg
  • (1992) The New York Crime Scene Unit responds to an incident in Brooklyn, examining the evidence of a grocery store robbery and get-away in a stolen car which escalated into a shootout with the police. One policeman died of a heart attack. DNA Fingerprinting.
    USA_SCI_DNA_07_xs.jpg
  • (1992) Bone marrow transplant operation donor: marrow & blood is aspirated from pelvis bone. Fred Hutchinson cancer research center, Seattle, Washington. Donors are matched with recipients by DNA fingerprinting.
    USA_SCI_DNA_06_xs.jpg
  • (1992) Nymsfield, England. Badger research center. Peter Mallinson takes sputum & blood samples studying the epidemiology of Tuberculosis in Badgers & how they spread it to cattle. Catheters are stuck down the badgers' throats, anesthetizing them, allowing researchers to take blood samples.  By taking sputum and blood samples that are then DNA fingerprinted, researchers are able to study the epidemiology of tuberculosis in badgers and how they spread it to cattle.  Animals were also weighed, ear tagged, and tattooed. DNA consists of two sugar- phosphate backbones, arranged in a double helix, linked by nucleotide bases. There are 4 types of base; adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G) and thymine (T). Sequences of these bases make up genes, which encode an organism's genetic information. DNA Fingerprinting.
    GBR_SCI_DNA_26_xs.jpg
  • (1992) Abdul Matlib and his family from Bangladesh who were reunited in Britain after DNA testing proved blood relation.
    GBR_SCI_DNA_23_xs.jpg
  • (1992) Computer screen display of DNA analysis at the home office of Forensic Science Service in Aldermaston, England.
    GBR_SCI_DNA_19_xs.jpg
  • (1992) Peter Gill at the home office of the Forensic Science Service, with a sample from the extraction procedure. Later it will be analyzed for a DNA profile. DNA consists of two sugar- phosphate backbones, arranged in a double helix, linked by nucleotide bases. There are 4 types of base; adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G) and thymine (T). Sequences of these bases make up genes, which encode an organism's genetic information. DNA Fingerprinting. MODEL RELEASED
    GBR_SCI_DNA_13_xs.jpg
  • (1992) Professor Alec Jeffreys (b. 1950), English molecular biologist and discoverer of DNA fingerprinting. In the background is an image of an autoradiogram, the visualization technique used to compare DNA samples. A DNA fingerprint is a unique genetic sequence, which identifies any individual, human or animal, from a tiny sample of tissue such as blood, hair, or sperm. Its many uses include the identification and conviction of criminals, and the proving of family relationships, such as the paternity of a child. Only monozygotic 'identical' twins share the same DNA. DNA consists of two sugar- phosphate backbones, arranged in a double helix, linked by nucleotide bases. There are 4 types of base; adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G) and thymine (T). Sequences of these bases make up genes, which encode an organism's genetic information. The bands (black) on the autoradiogram show the sequence of bases in a sample of DNA. Jeffreys is a professor in the Department of Genetics at the University of Leicester, England. Backgroung shows Autorad. DNA Fingerprinting. MODEL RELEASED
    GBR_SCI_DNA_08_xs.jpg
  • (1992) Professor Alec Jeffreys (b. 1950), English molecular biologist and discoverer of DNA fingerprinting. In the background is an image of an autoradiogram, the visualization technique used to compare DNA samples. A DNA fingerprint is a unique genetic sequence, which identifies any individual, human or animal, from a tiny sample of tissue such as blood, hair, or sperm. Its many uses include the identification and conviction of criminals, and the proving of family relationships, such as the paternity of a child. Only monozygotic 'identical' twins share the same DNA. DNA consists of two sugar- phosphate backbones, arranged in a double helix, linked by nucleotide bases. There are 4 types of base; adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G) and thymine (T). Sequences of these bases make up genes, which encode an organism's genetic information. The bands (black) on the autoradiogram show the sequence of bases in a sample of DNA. Jeffreys is a professor in the Department of Genetics at the University of Leicester, England. DNA Fingerprinting. MODEL RELEASED
    GBR_SCI_DNA_07_xs.jpg
  • (1992) Alison Thomas loading gel and putting a lid on a gel tank at Cellmark Diagnostics, England's first commercial DNA fingerprinting lab. DNA consists of two sugar- phosphate backbones, arranged in a double helix, linked by nucleotide bases. There are 4 types of base; adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G) and thymine (T). Sequences of these bases make up genes, which encode an organism's genetic information. DNA Fingerprinting. MODEL RELEASED.
    GBR_SCI_DNA_05_xs.jpg
  • Plant biotechnology research into the cultivation of disease-free potatoes, showing coated (white) & uncoated potato seeds. Scientists are working to provide growers with the ability to plant an acre with no more than one pound of seed, instead of the tons of tubers (seed potatoes) presently required to do the job. Seed also has the advantage that it is less likely to rot in storage: the resulting reduction in waste is projected to reduce growers' costs by $100 per acre. Photo taken at Escagen Corporation, San Carlos, California. .[1987].
    USA_SCI_BIOT_13_xs.jpg
  • Genetically engineered tomato plants. Geneticist Dr. Virginia Ursin examines cultures of Flavr Savr tomato plants; the first genetically engineered whole food. Each dish contains seedlings cultured from a single cell, grown on agarose medium. Flavr Savr tomatoes have a gene that allows the fruit to ripen on the vine without softening; so they are tastier, don't need ripening with ethylene gas, and are not damaged during shipping. Tomato softening occurs due to the enzyme polygalacturonase. Flavr Savr tomatoes contain an anti-sense gene that blocks the enzyme. This tomato entered American supermarkets in 1994 but was withdrawn from the marketplace by Monsanto (which bought Calgene in 1997). Research at Calgene, California, USA. MODEL RELEASED [1995]
    USA_SCI_BIOT_09_xs.jpg
  • MODEL RELEASED. Immunodeficiency research. Dr Don Mosier counts mouse and human cells in a SCID (severe combined immunodeficiency) mouse that he implanted with a human immune system. The device at right is a fluorescence-activated cell sorter. The rare genetic mutation of SCID, found in both mice and humans, destroys the immune system and the body is unable to fight infection. Dr Mosier managed to implant disease-fighting human white blood cells into SCID mice giving them a permanent human immune system. This breakthrough enables researchers at the Scripps Research Institute in California, USA, to study human immune disorders such as SCID, AIDS, leukemia and allergies. MODEL RELEASED.[1995]
    USA_SCI_BIOT_04_xs.jpg
  • Chiron Therapeutics. Robotic Synthesizer. Emeryville, California. [1995]
    USA_SCI_BIOT_01_120_xs.jpg
  • Medical Exam of a Boa Snake. Veterinarian School, University of California, Davis. MODEL RELEASED.
    USA_ANML_11_xs.jpg
  • Trimming the claws of a Macaw. Veterinary Medicine teaching hospital. Veterinarian School, University of California, Davis.
    USA_ANML_10_xs.jpg
  • CIMMYT: The International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center outside Mexico City, Mexico. Dr. Marilyn Warburton extracts DNA out of a young corn seedling whose green leaf is ground into juice.
    MEX_092_xs.jpg
  • (1992) Darting Right Whales, 40 miles south of Cape Sable Island. A bow and arrow are used to ?dart??take skin samples?from right whales for population management study through DNA analysis. Some blubber samples are taken with hollow-tipped arrows. Nova Scotia, Canada. DNA Fingerprinting.
    USA_SCI_DNA_55_xs.jpg
  • (1992) Galapagos Tortoises at the San Diego Zoo are being DNA fingerprinted so that their species can be repopulated correctly. DNA Fingerprinting.
    USA_SCI_DNA_51_xs.jpg
  • (1992) Using Rhesus monkeys, the National Institute of Health is attempting to develop retro-viral free (Herpes-B free) monkeys because virus-carrying monkeys can throw off test results. The goal is to minimize inbreeding to insure a pure test breed.  Human probes are being used to identify polymorphism in monkeys, and the monkeys' blood samples are DNA fingerprinted.  Monkeys are moved among half-acre outdoor pens and other smaller cages thereby minimizing inbreeding. University of California Davis, Department of Anthropology. DNA Fingerprinting..
    USA_SCI_DNA_49_xs.jpg
  • (1992) Using Rhesus monkeys, the National Institute of Health is attempting to develop retro-viral free (Herpes-B free) monkeys because virus-carrying monkeys can throw off test results. The goal is to minimize inbreeding to insure a pure test breed.  Human probes are being used to identify polymorphism in monkeys, and the monkeys' blood samples are DNA fingerprinted.  Monkeys are moved among half-acre outdoor pens and other smaller cages thereby minimizing inbreeding. University of California Davis, Department of Anthropology. DNA Fingerprinting..
    USA_SCI_DNA_46_xs.jpg
  • (1992) Elephant seals at Ano Nuevo State Reserve in California. Skin samples are collected for the Dr. B. Leboef study to determine if high social dominance is correlated to reproductive success and if the proportion of copulations a male obtains is proportional to the number of offspring sired. DNA Fingerprinting.
    USA_SCI_DNA_42_xs.jpg
  • (1992) Karen Garner preparing a gorilla hair for analysis using PCR (polymerase chain reaction).  This hair is from Peanuts, a silverback male mountain gorilla (named by Dian Fossey) who died May 1, 1989, at about age 29.  The study is being done to assess the level of genetic diversity in gorilla populations, to clarify gorilla classification at the subspecies level, and to develop methods for pedigree determination. The bands (black) on the autoradiograms show the sequence of bases in a sample of DNA. At the San Diego Zoo in California. DNA Fingerprinting..
    USA_SCI_DNA_40_xs.jpg
  • (1992) The Guertler's, a Mormon family, were all DNA fingerprinted in Salt Lake City, Utah. The family is shown in the Later Day Saints Tabernacle.  Left to Right:  Daniel Guertler, Christian Guertler, Hans E. Guertler, Bernice Guertler, Lucile Swenson, Hans K. Guertler, Karla Guertler, Klaus Guertler, Monika Nygaard, Andreas Guertler, Tony Guertler, Stefan Guertler. MODEL RELEASED..
    USA_SCI_DNA_38_xs.jpg
  • (1992) At the California Department of Corrections medical facility, in Vacaville California, prisoners entering in the system have their blood drawn for DNA records. DNA Fingerprinting.
    USA_SCI_DNA_36_xs.jpg
  • (1992) Ray White in his lab at the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, with the genetic map of his family used in his "linkage strategy". DNA Fingerprinting. MODEL RELEASED
    USA_SCI_DNA_32_xs.jpg
  • (1992) DNA testing of a mummy's foot. Dr. Svante Paabo takes a sample from a mummified foot for analysis by DNA sequencing. DNA obtained from the foot was compared with DNA from present day Egyptians and people from surrounding countries. This is part of research into the amount of ethnic mixing within the population of the upper Nile region. The mummy is about 2000 years old. University of California at Berkeley. DNA Fingerprinting. MODEL RELEASED
    USA_SCI_DNA_31_xs.jpg
  • (1992) Leslie Jerominski trypsinizing hybred cells and expanding them to larger Flasks (trypsin enzyme) in Ray White's lab.  Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Salt Lake City, Utah. DNA Fingerprinting. MODEL RELEASED.
    USA_SCI_DNA_28_xs.jpg
  • (1992) Matt McCoy (front) and Mark Bodee extract DNA from fetal tissues and blood and semen stains at Cellmark Diagnostics in Germantown, Maryland. ). DNA consists of two sugar- phosphate backbones, arranged in a double helix, linked by nucleotide bases. There are 4 types of base; adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G) and thymine (T). Sequences of these bases make up genes, which encode an organism's genetic information. DNA Fingerprinting. MODEL RELEASED.
    USA_SCI_DNA_26_xs.jpg
  • (1992) Mummy's DNA testing. Dr. Svante Paabo taking a sample from a 2000 year old mummy's foot for DNA analysis. DNA obtained from the foot was compared with DNA from present day Egyptians and people from surrounding countries. This is part of research into the amount of ethnic mixing within the population of the upper Nile region. The mummy is about 2000 years old. University of California at Berkeley.  DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) is the molecule responsible for carrying the genetic code, which is slightly different in every individual. Familial traits can be traced by studying the differences. Taking DNA from preserved humans gives a good account of how humans spread across the world. ). MODEL RELEASED
    USA_SCI_DNA_25_xs.jpg
  • (1992) A bone marrow extraction aspirated from a donor giving both marrow and blood at the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center in Seattle, Washington. DNA Fingerprinting..
    USA_SCI_DNA_17_xs.jpg
  • (1992) David Viskochil collects super coiled DNA from cesium chloride gradients (separates plasmid DNA from bacterial chromosomal DNA). . DNA consists of two sugar- phosphate backbones, arranged in a double helix, linked by nucleotide bases. There are 4 types of base; adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G) and thymine (T). Sequences of these bases make up genes, which encode an organism's genetic information. Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah. DNA Fingerprinting..
    USA_SCI_DNA_16_xs.jpg
  • (1992) Microbiologist, Tom Brock at Octopus Spring and White Creek (Great Fountain Area) where he found the bacteria Thermus Aquaticus (TAQ 1), which is used in a process to amplify DNA called polymerase chain reaction (PCR). His discovery made automated PCR possible.  Here he was studying the out-flow channels of boiling hot springs. DNA Fingerprinting. MODEL RELEASED
    USA_SCI_DNA_15_xs.jpg
  • (1992) David Vasquez and his mother Imelda Shapiro at home in Manassas, Virginia. Vasquez served 5 years in prison for rape/murder until the real murderer was found with DNA fingerprinting. MODEL RELEASED.
    USA_SCI_DNA_13_xs.jpg
  • (1992) Terrance Robinson, shown at the Bridgeport Correctional Center, was accused of and arrested for rape in 1988. He served eight months in jail but was acquitted when DNA fingerprinting proved his innocence. MODEL RELEASED.
    USA_SCI_DNA_12_xs.jpg
  • (1992) DNA testing in anthropology. A researcher with a mummified human brain. Dr. William Hausworth holding a 8000-year-old brain.  In the background is equipment used in purifying synthetic DNA primers used in PCR analysis of ancient brain DNA.   This and 90 similar specimens were found in a Native American burial pit, and are thought to be about 8000 years old. DNA fingerprinting of the specimens is being used to study family relationships within the group and to look for signs of hereditary diseases at the University of Florida.  MODEL RELEASED
    USA_SCI_DNA_11_xs.jpg
  • (1992) NYPD Crime Scene Unit responding to a possible homicide/rape of a 49-year-old white woman in her apartment in Flushing, New York. She was attacked in the kitchen, carried into the bedroom, tied and then stabbed 31 times. Detective Arnie Roussine and Kim Geis are seen using a forensic laser "Omniprint 1000" to look for traces of sperm on the bloody sheets at the foot of the bed. Roussine has served 28 years with the Crime Scene Unit---he has worked on 7,000 cases (3,000 of them have been homicides.) DNA Fingerprinting..
    USA_SCI_DNA_09_xs.jpg
  • (1992) The Crime Scene Unit responding to a drug shooting in the Bronx. The victim was shot 4 times and then died. In the aftermath, detective Hank Fieldsa dusts for fingerprints. DNA Fingerprinting. MODEL RELEASED
    USA_SCI_DNA_08_xs.jpg
  • (1992) Crime Scene Unit responding to a body found in a closet in the Bronx. The suspect confessed at the 44th precinct while we were at the crime scene. He smoked 10 vials of crack and killed his girlfriend in his father's apartment bedroom. He mopped up the blood but left pieces of the mop on the floor, and bloody sheets in a bucket in the bathtub. The detectives took samples of the mop, bed sheets and blood on the floor. They bagged the hands of the victim for evidence and analysis at the morgue. There was a pit bull dog found in the other closet. DNA Fingerprinting..
    USA_SCI_DNA_05_xs.jpg
  • (1992) A Crime Scene Unit response to a suicide in the Bronx. A 19-year-old young man shot himself during a family argument. In the aftermath, detective Hank Fieldsa looks for a spent cartridge in the bloody gore on the floor where he shot himself. DNA Fingerprinting. MODEL RELEASED
    USA_SCI_DNA_03_xs.jpg
  • (1992) A Crime Scene Unit response to a suicide in the Bronx. A 19-year-old young man shot himself during a family argument. In the aftermath, detective Hank Fieldsa looks for a spent cartridge in the bloody gore on the floor where he shot himself. DNA Fingerprinting. MODEL RELEASED
    USA_SCI_DNA_02_xs.jpg
  • (1992) A Crime Scene Unit responds to the dispatcher's call of a body found in a closet in the Bronx. The suspect confessed at the 44th precinct while detectives were gathering evidence at the crime scene. He had smoked ten vials of crack cocaine and killed his girlfriend in his father's apartment bedroom, then mopped up the blood, but left pieces of the mop on the floor and bloody sheets in a bucket in the bathtub. The detectives took samples of the mop, bed sheets and blood on the floor. They bagged the hands of the victim for analysis at the morgue. Bronx, NYC. DNA Fingerprinting..
    USA_SCI_DNA_01_xs.jpg
  • (1992) At the Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry in Munich, Germany, Professor J. T. Epplen looks at DNA gel sequences of D-related B Genes (autoradiograms). DNA consists of two sugar- phosphate backbones, arranged in a double helix, linked by nucleotide bases. There are 4 types of base; adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G) and thymine (T). Sequences of these bases make up genes, which encode an organism's genetic information. The bands (black) on the autoradiogram show the sequence of bases in a sample of DNA. DNA Fingerprinting. MODEL RELEASED
    GER_SCI_DNA_01_xs.jpg
  • (1992) Mrs. Kath Eastwood, Mother of Lynda Mann, holding a picture of her daughter in her living room in Enderby, UK. Lynda Mann was raped/murdered by Colin Pitchfork. The case was the first to be broken by DNA fingerprinting. 2,000 young men in the village gave blood to clear their names. Colin Pitchfork paid a co-worker to take the test and was later caught because of this attempted deception. DNA Fingerprinting. MODEL RELEASED.
    GBR_SCI_DNA_25_xs.jpg
  • (1992) Abdul Matlib and his family from Bangladesh who were reunited in Britain after DNA testing proved blood relation. He is looking at the DNA autoradiogram that proved his blood relationships.  DNA consists of two sugar- phosphate backbones, arranged in a double helix, linked by nucleotide bases. There are 4 types of base; adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G) and thymine (T). Sequences of these bases make up genes, which encode an organism's genetic information. The bands (black) on the autoradiograms show the sequence of bases in a sample of DNA. DNA Fingerprinting.
    GBR_SCI_DNA_24_xs.jpg
  • (1992) Four bichon-frise show dogs at tower bridge in London with their owners. The dogs pedigrees and paternity were proved by DNA fingerprinting.  DNA Fingerprinting. MODEL RELEASED.
    GBR_SCI_DNA_22_xs.jpg
  • (1992) Dave Ford trains for the races with his Siberian husky team by the Santon Parish Church in Thetford, England. The team was DNA tested by Cellmark to determine their paternity. DNA Fingerprinting. MODEL RELEASED.
    GBR_SCI_DNA_21_xs.jpg
  • (1992) A video file search of fingerprints at the Scotland Yard in London, England. DNA Fingerprinting.
    GBR_SCI_DNA_18_xs.jpg
  • (1992) Coding fingerprints by hand in preparation to enter the information in a computer system. Scotland Yard, London, England. DNA Fingerprinting.
    GBR_SCI_DNA_17_xs.jpg
  • (1992) At Cambridge University, Bill Amos prepares sloughed sperm whale skin collected off of the Azores Islands in England. The skin is then DNA analyzed to study relationships among the whale population. DNA consists of two sugar- phosphate backbones, arranged in a double helix, linked by nucleotide bases. There are 4 types of base; adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G) and thymine (T). Sequences of these bases make up genes, which encode an organism's genetic information. DNA Fingerprinting. MODEL RELEASED
    GBR_SCI_DNA_14_xs.jpg
  • (1992) Professor Alec Jeffreys (b. 1950), English molecular biologist and discoverer of DNA fingerprinting. In the background is an image of an autoradiogram, the visualization technique used to compare DNA samples. A DNA fingerprint is a unique genetic sequence, which identifies any individual, human or animal, from a tiny sample of tissue such as blood, hair, or sperm. Its many uses include the identification and conviction of criminals, and the proving of family relationships, such as the paternity of a child. Only monozygotic 'identical' twins share the same DNA. DNA consists of two sugar- phosphate backbones, arranged in a double helix, linked by nucleotide bases. There are 4 types of base; adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G) and thymine (T). Sequences of these bases make up genes, which encode an organism's genetic information. The bands (black) on the autoradiogram show the sequence of bases in a sample of DNA. Jeffreys is a professor in the Department of Genetics at the University of Leicester, England. DNA Fingerprinting. MODEL RELEASED
    GBR_SCI_DNA_10_xs.jpg
  • (1992) Professor Alec Jeffreys (b. 1950), English molecular biologist and discoverer of DNA fingerprinting. In the background is an image of an autoradiogram, the visualization technique used to compare DNA samples. A DNA fingerprint is a unique genetic sequence, which identifies any individual, human or animal, from a tiny sample of tissue such as blood, hair, or sperm. Its many uses include the identification and conviction of criminals, and the proving of family relationships, such as the paternity of a child. Only monozygotic 'identical' twins share the same DNA. DNA consists of two sugar- phosphate backbones, arranged in a double helix, linked by nucleotide bases. There are 4 types of base; adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G) and thymine (T). Sequences of these bases make up genes, which encode an organism's genetic information. The bands (black) on the autoradiogram show the sequence of bases in a sample of DNA. Jeffreys is a professor in the Department of Genetics at the University of Leicester, England. MODEL RELEASED
    GBR_SCI_DNA_09_xs.jpg
  • (1992) A glob of DNA floating in solution in a vial at Cellmark Diagnostics, England's first commercial DNA fingerprinting lab. DNA consists of two sugar- phosphate backbones, arranged in a double helix, linked by nucleotide bases. There are 4 types of base; adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G) and thymine (T). Sequences of these bases make up genes, which encode an organism's genetic information. DNA Fingerprinting. .
    GBR_SCI_DNA_04_xs.jpg
  • (1992) Glona Omodiagbe visually analyzes a DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) autoradiogram at Cellmark Diagnostics, England's first Commercial DNA fingerprinting lab. MODEL RELEASED
    GBR_SCI_DNA_03_xs.jpg
  • (1992) Forensic use of DNA fingerprints. A scientist taking a sample from a bloodstained pair of jeans. DNA from the sample is then sequenced, providing a DNA fingerprint (such as those seen at the edges of the frame). This may then be compared with DNA from the victim and any suspect. In some cases, this may be used in conjunction with other evidence to positively link a suspect with both the victim and the scene of a crime. Modern amplification techniques allow DNA sequences to be taken from extremely small samples, such as a few spots of blood or a few hair follicles. (Scientist here is J. Bark). MODEL RELEASED
    GBR_SCI_DNA_02_xs.jpg
  • (1992) At the Home Office of the Forensic Science Service in Aldermaston, England, John Bark and Linda Nelson discuss the results of a DNA profile of blood and semen samples taken from a pair of pants. The blood will be removed, and then analyzed using DNA fingerprinting techniques. This will enable the scientist to determine whether the blood belonged to the victim or the assailant. Hanging up in the foreground are various DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) autoradiograms from other DNA fingerprinting studies. DNA consists of two sugar- phosphate backbones, arranged in a double helix, linked by nucleotide bases. There are 4 types of base; adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G) and thymine (T). Sequences of these bases make up genes, which encode an organism's genetic information. The bands (black) on the autoradiogram show the sequence of bases in a sample of DNA. MODEL RELEASED
    GBR_SCI_DNA_01_xs.jpg
  • (1992) Paula Moyano Artiga sits with her grandmother and Uncle Efrain. She was born in captivity and reunited to her family by DNA fingerprinting. Her parents, both "desaparacidos" (disappeared persons, kidnapped and killed by the right-wing Argentine government), are still missing. Buenos Aires, Argentina. DNA Fingerprinting. MODEL RELEASED.
    ARG_SCI_DNA_08_xs.jpg
  • Genetically engineered tomato plants. Geneticist Dr Virginia Ursin examines cultures of Flavr Savr tomato plants; the first genetically engineered whole food. Each dish contains seedlings cultured from a single cell, grown on agarose medium. Flavr Savr tomatoes have a gene that allows the fruit to ripen on the vine without softening; so they are tastier, don't need ripening with ethylene gas, and are not damaged during shipping. Tomato softening occurs due to the enzyme polygalacturonase. Flavr Savr tomatoes contain an anti-sense gene that blocks the enzyme. This tomato entered American supermarkets in 1994 but was withdrawn from the marketplace by Monsanto (which bought Calgene in 1997). Research at Calgene, California, USA. MODEL RELEASED [1995]
    USA_SCI_BIOT_10_xs.jpg
  • Genetically engineered tomato plants. The petri dish contains cultures of Flavr Savr tomato plants; the first genetically engineered whole food. Each plantlet has been cultured from a single cell, grown on agarose medium. Flavr Savr tomatoes have a gene that allows the fruit to ripen on the vine without softening; so they are tastier, do not need ripening with ethylene gas, and are not damaged during shipping. Tomato softening occurs due to the enzyme polygalacturonase. Flavr Savr tomatoes contain an anti-sense gene that blocks the enzyme.   Research conducted at Calgene in California, USA. [1995].
    USA_SCI_BIOT_08_xs.jpg
  • Zaiger Tissue Culture Lab. Floyd Zaiger (Born 1926) is a biologist who is most noted for his work in fruit genetics. Zaiger Genetics, located in Modesto, California, was founded in 1958. Over the years, Zaiger has received numerous awards in the US and Europe. He has spent his life in pursuit of the perfect fruit, developing both cultivars of existing species and new hybrids such as the pluot and the aprium.  [1983]
    USA_SCI_BIOT_06_xs.jpg
  • Examination of the DNA banding pattern in an electrophoresis gel, during the preparation of a DNA sequencing autoradiogram. DNA (obtained from a plant cell in this case) is cut into fragments by a restriction enzyme. These fragments are separated into bands by the electrophoresis process. The banding pattern in pink fluorescence is revealed under ultraviolet light. Photo taken at Escagen, Inc., San Carlos, California, USA. [1987]
    USA_SCI_BIOT_05_xs.jpg
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