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  • Leaning back in his chair, graduate student Jerry Pratt controls Spring Flamingo, a walking robot at the MIT Leg Lab in Cambridge, MA. A branch of MIT's renowned Artificial Intelligence Lab, the Leg Lab is home to researchers whose subjects run the gamut from improved artificial legs to robots that help scientists understand the complex dynamics of the human stride. Tethered to a slightly counterweighted boom that rotates around a pivot, the robot always walks in a circle in the lab.From the book Robo sapiens: Evolution of a New Species, page 8-9..
    USA_rs_12B_120_qxxs.jpg
  • Dan Paluska, the mechanical engineering grad student leading M2's hardware design and construction, is seen here in a double exposure that melds him with his machine for a photo illustration. The lower torso and extremity robot, called M2, took its first tentative steps last year here in the basement of MIT's Leg Laboratory. Established in 1980 by Marc Raibert, the Leg Lab was home to the first robots that mimicked human walking; swinging like an inverted pendulum from step to step. Similar to image published on the cover of Wired Magazine, September 2000. MIT Leg Lab, Cambridge, MA.
    Usa_rszz_723_120_xs.jpg
  • Professor Robert J. Full's Poly-PEDAL Lab at UC Berkeley has been working with roboticists for years, supplying them with information on small animal locomotion that is used to conStruct innovative robots. Recently, the Lab has been working with the Stanford Research Institute (SRI), testing and evaluating artificial muscles. Dr. Kenneth Meijer (from Holland) compares and measures a Stanford Artificial Muscle with a natural one from the leg of the Death Head Cockroach. After cooling the cockroach and exposing leg extensor muscle number 179, an electrode is suctioned into the muscle to simulate the nerve-to-muscle connection. Published in Stern Magazine, February 11th, 2000.
    Usa_rs_657_xs.jpg
  • USA.rs.312.qxxs.A surprising amount of the lab's work at Robert Full's Poly-PEDAL laboratory at UC Berkeley (California) focuses on cockroaches, because they are exceptionally mobile?for their size, the fastest species on the planet. The fastest roach is a big species known, melodramatically, as the death-head roach, seen here in its "run" at the Poly-PEDAL lab. As the run demonstrates, cockroaches do not have to have secure footing to move quickly. Instead, they use two alternating sets of legs (two on one side, one on the other) as springs, almost bouncing themselves forward. Remarkably, the insect brain doesn't have to see its feet or even be aware of them. From the book Robo sapiens: Evolution of a New Species, page 96.
    USA_rs_312_qxxs.jpg
  • Dan Paluska, the mechanical engineering grad student leading M2's hardware design and construction, is seen here in a double exposure that melds him with his machine for a photo illustration. The lower torso and extremity robot, called M2, took its first tentative steps last year here in the basement of MIT's Leg Laboratory. Established in 1980 by Marc Raibert, the Leg Lab was home to the first robots that mimicked human walking; swinging like an inverted pendulum from step to step. Similar to image published on the cover of Wired Magazine, September 2000. MIT Leg Lab, Cambridge, MA.
    Usa_rszz_705_120_xs.jpg
  • Dan Paluska, the mechanical engineering grad student leading M2's hardware design and construction, is seen here in a double exposure that melds him with his machine for a photo illustration. The lower torso and extremity robot, called M2, took its first tentative steps last year here in the basement of MIT's Leg Laboratory. Established in 1980 by Marc Raibert, the Leg Lab was home to the first robots that mimicked human walking; swinging like an inverted pendulum from step to step. Similar to image published on the cover of Wired Magazine, September 2000. MIT Leg Lab, Cambridge, MA.
    Usa_rszz_704_120_xs.jpg
  • Dan Paluska, the mechanical engineering grad student leading M2's hardware design and construction, is seen here in a double exposure that melds him with his machine for a photo illustration. The lower torso and extremity robot, called M2, took its first tentative steps last year here in the basement of MIT's Leg Laboratory. Established in 1980 by Marc Raibert, the Leg Lab was home to the first robots that mimicked human walking; swinging like an inverted pendulum from step to step. Similar to image published on the cover of Wired Magazine, September 2000. MIT Leg Lab, Cambridge, MA.
    Usa_rszz_703_120_xs.jpg
  • To study the flight control behavior of fruit flies, Dickinson and his researchers have come up with something even more bizarre than RoboFly. They have built a virtual reality flight simulator for fruit flies in an upstairs lab. A tiny fly is glued to a probe positioned in an electronic arena of hundreds of flashing LEDs that can also measure its wing motion and flight forces. By altering its wing motion, the fly itself can change the display of the moving electronic panorama, tricking the fly into "thinking" it is really flying through the air. The amplified humming of the fruit fly as it buzzes through its imaginary flight surrounded by computers in the darkened lab is quite bizarre.
    Usa_rs_616_xs.jpg
  • Scientist John Feddema demonstrates the assembly of MEMS parts (here, tiny gears the diameter of a human hair, seen through a microscope and viewed via the computer monitor image above John's head), ((MEMS stands for Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems)). The parts could be used for weapons components seen here at the Micro-Manipulation Lab, Sandia National Lab, Albuquerque, New Mexico.
    Usa_rs_13_xs.jpg
  • Pinky (chaperoned by graduate student Dan Paluska) is the prototype of the next walking robot from the MIT Leg Lab in Cambridge, MA. Established in 1980 by Marc Raibert, the Leg Lab was home to the first robots that mimicked human walking?swinging like an inverted pendulum from step to step. Famously, Raibert even built a robot that could flip itself in an aerial somersault and land on its feet. From the book Robo sapiens: Evolution of a New Species, page 182.
    USA_rs_83_qxxs.jpg
  • Zaiger Tissue Culture Lab. Floyd Zaiger (Born 1926) is a biologist who is most noted for his work in fruit genetics. Zaiger Genetics, located in Modesto, California, was founded in 1958. Over the years, Zaiger has received numerous awards in the US and Europe. He has spent his life in pursuit of the perfect fruit, developing both cultivars of existing species and new hybrids such as the pluot and the aprium.  [1983]
    USA_SCI_BIOT_06_xs.jpg
  • The H7 robot walks without a safety harness at the Inoue-Inaba Robotics Lab. A joystick operating student, seated at right maneuvers the robot. Research Associate Satoshi Kagami (wearing a suit in the photo) walks with the robot, armed with its "kill switch" in case the robot malfunctions. Its predecessor, H6 hangs at left, near another student who is ready to step in, in the event that the robot falls. The researchers are fairly relaxed during the demonstration compared to those in other labs. University of Tokyo, Japan.
    Usa_rs_362_xs.jpg
  • Simulated lightning strike to a sailboat model in lab. Institution för Hopspänningsforkning, Husbyborg, Uppsala, Sweden. Engineer - Eric Löfberg (1991).Lightning occurs when a large electrical charge builds up in a cloud, probably due to the friction of water and ice particles. The charge induces an opposite charge on the ground, and a few leader electrons travel to the ground. When one makes contact, there is a huge backflow of energy up the path of the electron. This produces a bright flash of light, and temperatures of up to 30,000 degrees Celsius.
    SWE_SCI_LIG_02_xs.jpg
  • Computer graphics space-filling representation of a section of a DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) molecule, the genetic material of most living organisms. The double helix of DNA may be regarded as a twisted ladder, the rungs of which are complementary pairs of organic bases: adenine pairs with thymine, cytosine with guanine. It is a precise sequence of DNA bases (a gene), which instructs cells to make a specific amino acid, chains of which form proteins. DNA is the major component of the chromosomes within a cell's nucleus and, through its control of protein synthesis, plays a central role in determining inherited characteristics. DNA computer model in Walter Gilbert's Lab.
    USA_SCI_HGP_32_xs.jpg
  • Computer graphics space-filling representation of a section of a DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) molecule, the genetic material of most living organisms. The double helix of DNA may be regarded as a twisted ladder, the rungs of which are complementary pairs of organic bases: adenine pairs with thymine, cytosine with guanine. It is a precise sequence of DNA bases (a gene), which instructs cells to make a specific amino acid, chains of which form proteins. DNA is the major component of the chromosomes within a cell's nucleus and, through its control of protein synthesis, plays a central role in determining inherited characteristics. DNA computer model in Walter Gilbert's Lab..Human Genome Project.
    USA_SCI_HGP_31_xs.jpg
  • Circular computer scanner used to read sections of DNA sequencing autoradiograms for subsequent computer analysis, part of the human genome project studies at Cal Tech, Lee Hood Lab, USA. The term genome describes the full set of genes expressed by an organism's chromosomes. A gene is a section of DNA that instructs a cell to make a specific protein. The task of constructing such a complete blueprint of genetic information for humans is divided into two main phases: mapping genes and other markers on chromosomes, and decoding the DNA sequences of genes on all the chromosomes. Numerous laboratories worldwide are engaged on various aspects of genome research.
    USA_SCI_HGP_30_xs.jpg
  • Circular computer scanner used to read sections of DNA sequencing autoradiograms for subsequent computer analysis, part of the human genome project studies at Cal Tech, Lee Hood Lab, USA. The term genome describes the full set of genes expressed by an organism's chromosomes. A gene is a section of DNA that instructs a cell to make a specific protein. The task of constructing such a complete blueprint of genetic information for humans is divided into two main phases: mapping genes and other markers on chromosomes, and decoding the DNA sequences of genes on all the chromosomes. Numerous laboratories worldwide are engaged on various aspects of genome research.
    USA_SCI_HGP_29_xs.jpg
  • Human Genome Project: Cal Tech, Lee Hood Lab. Computer monitor showing DNA Sequencing Gels: Computer Assisted.  (1989)
    USA_SCI_HGP_15_xs.jpg
  • Research on the human genome: Leroy Hood at CalTech with a Programmable Autonomously Controlled Electrode (PACE), which was developed in the CalTech lab. Pasadena, California. MODEL RELEASED (1989).Human Genome Project.
    USA_SCI_HGP_12_xs.jpg
  • (1992) F.B.I. serology lab, Washington, DC.  Sarah Garlow doing presumptive testing for the presence of blood on a 357 magnum.  For a liquid blood examination, Stuart Cohen is crushing the clot of whole blood sample for DNA sampling. ). DNA Fingerprinting. MODEL RELEASED
    USA_SCI_DNA_24_xs.jpg
  • (1992) Alison Thomas loading gel and putting a lid on a gel tank at Cellmark Diagnostics, England's first commercial DNA fingerprinting lab. DNA consists of two sugar- phosphate backbones, arranged in a double helix, linked by nucleotide bases. There are 4 types of base; adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G) and thymine (T). Sequences of these bases make up genes, which encode an organism's genetic information. DNA Fingerprinting. MODEL RELEASED.
    GBR_SCI_DNA_05_xs.jpg
  • Brewmaster Joachim Rösch speaks to lab workers who check the brewing process by sampling, at the Ganter Brewery in Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany.  (Joachim Rösch  is featured in the book What I Eat: Around the World in 80 Diets.) The caloric value of his day's worth of food in March was 2700 kcals. He is 44 years of age; 6 feet, 2 inches tall; and 207 pounds. Joachim's job requires him to taste beer a number of times during the week, and unlike in wine tasting, he can't just taste then spit it out: "Once you've got the bitter on the back of your tongue, you automatically get the swallow reflex, so down the chute you go," he says. Joachim Rösch is MODEL RELEASED.
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  • Cynthia Ferrell soldering at the M.I.T., Insect Robot Lab, Cambridge, MA. Robo sapiens Project.
    Usa_sci_ir_35_nxs.jpg
  • Chris Foley seen here with, Herbert, a robot that picks up empty soda cans, Insect Robot Lab, M.I.T., Cambridge, MA
    Usa_sci_ir_24_nxs.jpg
  • Dan Paluska, the mechanical engineering grad student leading M2's hardware design and construction stands with his girlfriend, Jessica, at MIT Leg Lab, Cambridge, MA.
    Usa_rszz_727_120_xs.jpg
  • Cynthia Ferrell (Breazeal) seemingly gives life to the robot Genghis at the M.I.T. Insect Robot Lab in Cambridge, Massachusetts. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA USA.
    Usa_rs_712_xs.jpg
  • To study the flight control behavior of fruit flies, a tiny fly is glued to a probe positioned in an electronic arena of hundreds of flashing LEDs that can also measure its wing motion and flight forces. By altering its wing motion, the fly itself can change the display of the moving electronic panorama, tricking the fly into "thinking" it is really flying through the air. The amplified humming of the fruit fly as it buzzes through its imaginary flight surrounded by computers in the darkened lab is quite bizarre. UC Berkeley, CA, USA.
    Usa_rs_619_xs.jpg
  • Graduate student Dan Paluska adjusts mechanisms of the lower torso and extremity robot, called M2. The robot is funded by a DARPA (US Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency) program called Tactile Mobile Robotics. DARPA's goal is to replace soldiers and rescue workers in dangerous situations. MIT Leg Lab, Cambridge, MA.
    Usa_rs_591_120_xs.jpg
  • Walking robot. Blur-flash image of Pinky, a walking robot prototype, being physically supported by researcher Dan Paluska at the Leg Lab. at MIT (Massachusetts Institute of Technology). Pinky is a next generation walking robot that, unlike previous generations, can walk untethered and unsupported at normal human pace. Pinky was built to help understand the dynamics of the human stride. Photographed in Cambridge, USA
    Usa_rs_10_xs.jpg
  • Robotic autonomous-control technology will become more and more useful to the disabled in the future, as Hugh Herr can testify. A double amputee, MIT Leg Lab researcher Herr is developing a robotic knee. Standard prosthetic joints cannot sense the forces acting on a human leg. But a robotic knee can sense and react to its environment, allowing amputees to walk through snow or on steep slopes now impassable for them. Cambridge, MA. From the book Robo sapiens: Evolution of a New Species, page 181.
    USA_rs_94_qxxs.jpg
  • Force-feedback is widely used in data gloves, which send hand movements to grasping machines. The robot hand, which was built by the students in Mark Cutkosky's Stanford lab, transmits the "feel" of the blocks between its pincers, giving operators a sense of how hard they are gripping. Stanford, CA. From the book Robo sapiens: Evolution of a New Species, page 137 bottom.
    USA_rs_474_qxxs.jpg
  • One of Rodney Brook's team's first subsumptive robots was the insectoid Attila (in photo from 1991), here being worked on by graduate student Cynthia Breazeal. The other pairs of hands belong to then-undergraduate student Mike Binnard, and former graduate student Colin Angle, who is now chief executive officer of the robotics firm iRobot. MIT Artificial Intelligence Lab, Cambridge, MA. From the book Robo sapiens: Evolution of a New Species, page 60.
    USA_rs_452_qxxs.jpg
  • The product of a long quest, Robot III, an artificial cockroach built by mechanical engineer Roger Quinn (in blue shirt) and biologist Roy Ritzmann at Case Western Reserve University in Cleveland, OH, required seven years to construct. (Quinn directs the Biorobotics Lab at the university.) From the book Robo sapiens: Evolution of a New Species, page 102-103.
    USA_rs_426_120_qxxs.jpg
  • The robot, called Kenta, (Ken means tendon in Japanese) has a flexible spinal column that resembles that of the human body; 96 motors; a five-joint neck; a10 joint spine (each with 3 degrees of freedom); and fast-moving stereo vision that can track a flesh color object. The neck and torso are coordinated to respond in concert with the eye's movement. Student researchers create movements for the robot in simulation and then feed the simulations back to the robot. Professor Hirochika Inoue thinks that developing robots with this structure of incredibly decreased weight and fewer parts will reduce the cost and the complexity of robots in the future for more widespread application. Inoue-Inaba Robotic Lab, University of Tokyo, Japan.
    Japan_Jap_rs_368_xs.jpg
  • The robot, called Kenta, (Ken means tendon in Japanese) has a flexible spinal column that resembles that of the human body; 96 motors; a five-joint neck; a 10 joint spine (each with 3 degrees of freedom); and fast-moving stereo vision that can track a flesh colored object. The neck and torso are coordinated to respond in concert with the eye's movement. Student researchers create movements for the robot in simulation and then feed the simulations back to the robot. Professor Hirochika Inoue thinks that developing robots with this structure of incredibly decreased weight and fewer parts will reduce the cost and the complexity of robots in the future for more widespread application. Inoue-Inaba Robotic Lab, University of Tokyo, Japan.
    Japan_Jap_rs_366_xs.jpg
  • Hypothermia Research: Dr. Robert S. Pozos, Director of the Hypothermia Research Lab at the University of Minnesota Hypothermia in Duluth. (Blocks of ice brought in for photo.) MODEL RELEASED [1988]
    USA_SCI_HYP_07_xs.jpg
  • Research on the human genome: laboratory at Columbia University, Lee Hood Lab, New York, showing row of electrophoresis gels used for DNA sequencing experiments on human chromosomes. DNA sequencing involves decoding the base pair sequence of sections of DNA - most usefully, those sections called genes which encode specific proteins. Sequencing and mapping - surveying each of the 23 pairs of human chromosomes to locate genes or other important markers - are two phases in the human genome project. Constructing such a complete genetic map involves a detailed biochemical survey of every gene expressed on all 23 pairs of human chromosomes.
    USA_SCI_HGP_33_xs.jpg
  • Human Genome Project: Cal Tech, Lee Hood Lab. Reading DNA Sequencing Gels: Computer Assisted.  1989.
    USA_SCI_HGP_23_xs.jpg
  • Human Genome Project: .Human Genome research scientist Kai Wand with PACE (Programmable controlled electrophoresis system) in his California Technical Institute Lab, USA. (1989).
    USA_SCI_HGP_11_xs.jpg
  • (1992) Ray White in his lab at the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, with the genetic map of his family used in his "linkage strategy". DNA Fingerprinting. MODEL RELEASED
    USA_SCI_DNA_32_xs.jpg
  • (1992) Ray White's Lab at the University of Utah, genetics department. Checking autoradiograms for DNA typing of family--mother, father, and seven siblings.
    USA_SCI_DNA_30_xs.jpg
  • (1992) Leslie Jerominski trypsinizing hybred cells and expanding them to larger Flasks (trypsin enzyme) in Ray White's lab.  Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Salt Lake City, Utah. DNA Fingerprinting. MODEL RELEASED.
    USA_SCI_DNA_28_xs.jpg
  • (1992) A glob of DNA floating in solution in a vial at Cellmark Diagnostics, England's first commercial DNA fingerprinting lab. DNA consists of two sugar- phosphate backbones, arranged in a double helix, linked by nucleotide bases. There are 4 types of base; adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G) and thymine (T). Sequences of these bases make up genes, which encode an organism's genetic information. DNA Fingerprinting. .
    GBR_SCI_DNA_04_xs.jpg
  • (1992) Glona Omodiagbe visually analyzes a DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) autoradiogram at Cellmark Diagnostics, England's first Commercial DNA fingerprinting lab. MODEL RELEASED
    GBR_SCI_DNA_03_xs.jpg
  • Maja Mataric works on her robot at the  M.I.T., Insect Robot Lab,  Cambridge, MA
    Usa_sci_ir_33_nxs.jpg
  • Chris Foley seen here with , Eddie, a wall climbing robot, M.I.T., Insect Robot Lab, Cambridge, MA
    Usa_sci_ir_26_nxs.jpg
  • "Squirt" is a robot that hides in the dark, M.I.T., Insect Robot Lab, Cambridge, MA
    Usa_sci_ir_25_nxs.jpg
  • Kismet is a complex autonomous robot developed by Dr. Cynthia Breazeal, at the time of this image a doctoral studies student at the MIT Artificial Intelligence Lab under the direction of Rod Brooks. Breazeal's immediate goal for Kismet is to replicate and possibly recognize human emotional states as exhibited in facial expressions. Breazeal has located the most important variables in human facial expressions and has mechanically transferred these points of expression to a robotic face. Kismet's eyelids, eyebrows, ears, mouth, and lips are all able to move independently to generate different expressions of emotional states.
    Usa_rs_711_xs.jpg
  • Group Leader Jamie Anderson, Mechanical Engineer Peter Kerrebrock, and Electrical Engineer Mark Little (L to R) are shown with the Draper Laboratory VCUUV?Vorticity Control Unmanned Undersea Vehicle. The craft, which cost nearly a million dollars to build, is modeled after a tuna and can swim freely without tethers at a maximum speed of 2.4 knots and can make rapid turns. The Draper Lab VCUUV is based on studies made at MIT by Professor Michael Triantafyllou.
    Usa_rs_601_xs.jpg
  • At the MIT Media Lab in Cambridge, MA, Joshua Bers models virtual reality gloves and tracking devices while calibrating them. Bers is working on his master's thesis under Richard Bolt. He is seen wearing the equipment detailed above for calibration purposes. Once programmed and calibrated, he can move virtual objects around in a virtual room. Bolt is working on multi-modal interaction using speech, gesture, and gaze. He is attempting to program computers to interact with their users by non-standard (keyboard, mouse) methods.
    Usa_rs_105_xs.jpg
  • At the MIT Media Lab in Cambridge, MA, David Koons is a graduate student working under Richard Bolt doing his Ph.D. dissertation on multi-modal processing. In the photo Koons is busy programming with the large screen monitor.  Gloves, jacket, and head-mounted eye-tracking gear are in the background.
    Usa_rs_104_xs.jpg
  • Pattie Maes (and grad student Cecil). Maes is photographed with "ALIVE," a real-time virtual reality system.  She captioned the photo:  "A novel system developed at the MIT Media Lab makes it possible for a person to interact with artificial creatures such as this dog using natural gestures."
    Usa_rs_101_xs.jpg
  • Moving like its skittish biological counterpart, Spring Flamingo walks tethered to a boom in a circular course around its home at the MIT Leg Lab, Cambridge, MA. From the book Robo sapiens: Evolution of a New Species, page 8-9.
    USA_rs_17_qxxs.jpg
  • Reviewing the results of her work, Carnegie Mellon computer scientist Manuela Veloso (kneeling) watches the university soccer-robot team chase after the ball on a field on the floor of her lab. Every year, the Carnegie Mellon squad plays against other soccer-robot teams from around the world in an international competition known as RoboCup. Veloso's team, CMUnited, is highly regarded. Flanked by research engineer Sorin Achim, postdoctoral fellow Peter Stone, and graduate research assistant Michael Bowling (right to left), Veloso is running through the current year's strategy a month before the world championships in Stockholm. CMU's AIBO team members are Scott Lenser, Elly Winner, and James Bruce. Pittsburgh, PA. From the book Robo sapiens: Evolution of a New Species, page 214.
    USA_rs_114_qxxs.jpg
  • Student Yousuke Kato points to a female face robot created at the Science University of Tokyo, Japan, Fumio Hara Robotics Lab. The female face robot (secondgeneration) has shape-memory electric actuators that move beneath the robots' silicon skin to change the face into different facial expressions much as muscles do in the human face. The research robot undergoes a metamorphosis with each class of students assigned to work on it. The latest iteration allows the robot's face to mold into six different expressions: happiness, sadness, fear, disgust, anger, and surprise. In some images, the computer monitor displays a graphical representation of the software creating the expression on the robot.
    Japan_Jap_rs_707_xs.jpg
  • Looking into the eyes of Jack the robot, Gordon Cheng tests its response to the touch of his hand. Researchers at the Electrotechnical Lab at Tsukuba, an hour away from Tokyo, Japan, are part of a project funded by the Japanese Science and Technology Agency to develop a humanoid robot as a research vehicle into complex human interactions. With the nation's population rapidly aging, the Japanese government is increasingly funding efforts to create robots that will help the elderly. Project leader Yasuo Kuniyoshi wants to create robots that are friendly and quite literally soft, the machinery will be sheathed in thick padding. In contrast to a more traditional approach, Kuniyoshi wants to program his robot to make it learn by analyzing and fully exploiting its natural constraints. From the book Robo sapiens: Evolution of a New Species, page 56-57.
    Japan_JAP_rs_279_qxxs.jpg
  • (1992) A tiny glob of DNA floating in solution in a vial at Cellmark Diagnostics, England's first commercial DNA fingerprinting lab. . DNA consists of two sugar- phosphate backbones, arranged in a double helix, linked by nucleotide bases.
    USA_SCI_DNA_18_xs.jpg
  • Students in the laboratory of Professor Fumio Hara and Hiroshi Kobayashi at Science University of Tokyo work on their various robot projects, including the labs' first generation face robot. This three-dimensional human-like animated pneumatic face robot can recognize human facial expressions as well as produce realistic facial expressions in real time. The animated face robot, covered in latex "skin" is equipped with a CCD camera in the left eye and is able to collect facial image data that is used for on-line recognition of human facial expressions.
    Japan_Jap_rs_263_xs.jpg
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  • Examination of the DNA banding pattern in an electrophoresis gel, during the preparation of a DNA sequencing autoradiogram. DNA (obtained from a plant cell in this case) is cut into fragments by a restriction enzyme. These fragments are separated into bands by the electrophoresis process. The banding pattern in pink fluorescence is revealed under ultraviolet light. Photo taken at Escagen, Inc., San Carlos, California, USA. [1987]
    USA_SCI_BIOT_05_xs.jpg
  • MODEL RELEASED. Immunodeficiency research. Dr Don Mosier counts mouse and human cells in a SCID (severe combined immunodeficiency) mouse that he implanted with a human immune system. The device at right is a fluorescence-activated cell sorter. The rare genetic mutation of SCID, found in both mice and humans, destroys the immune system and the body is unable to fight infection. Dr Mosier managed to implant disease-fighting human white blood cells into SCID mice giving them a permanent human immune system. This breakthrough enables researchers at the Scripps Research Institute in California, USA, to study human immune disorders such as SCID, AIDS, leukemia and allergies. MODEL RELEASED.[1995]
    USA_SCI_BIOT_04_xs.jpg
  • MODEL RELEASED. Immunodeficiency research. Dr. Don Mosier with a computer display showing a SCID (severe combined immunodeficiency) mouse that he has implanted with a human immune system. This research may help to understand syndromes such as AIDS and SCID. The rare genetic mutation of SCID, found in mice and humans, destroys the immune system and the body is unable to fight infection. Dr Mosier managed to implant disease-fighting human white blood cells into SCID mice giving them a permanent human immune system. This breakthrough enables researchers at the Scripps Research Institute in California, USA, to study human immune disorders such as AIDS, leukemia and allergies. MODEL RELEASED.[1995]
    USA_SCI_BIOT_03_xs.jpg
  • Biotechnology: Vanilla plants growing from tissue culture held by Dr. Raymond Moshy, CEO of Escagen, Inc., San Carlos, Northern California. MODEL RELEASED.[1987]
    USA_SCI_BIOT_01_xs.jpg
  • Hypothermia Research at the University of Minnesota Hypothermia laboratory in Duluth; volunteers in survival suit test immersed in cold water at a temperature of 53 degrees Fahrenheit (10 °C). A variety of probes measure their vital functions, skin & core body temperatures. MODEL RELEASED [1988]
    USA_SCI_HYP_05_xs.jpg
  • (1992) In the New Jersey Children's hospital, Jean Givens sits with her adopted daughter, Cynthia, who has AIDS. Tests done with DNA amplification can immediately tell the presence of the virus. DNA Fingerprinting. MODEL RELEASED
    USA_SCI_DNA_34_xs.jpg
  • In Death Valley, California, the team responsible for a Russian Mars Rover 'Marsokhod' tests its vehicle to see how it will handle its maneuvering along the similar rocky terrain. The Planetary Society sponsored the test. Robo sapiens Project.
    Usa_rs_650_xs.jpg
  • Eyes sweeping the room with what seems to be hopeful curiosity, Kismet the robot sits like an animated bust on Cynthia Breazeal's desk at MIT in Cambridge, MA. When it spots visitors, the robot's expression changes to an almost uncannily convincing expression of interest and delight. From the book Robo sapiens: Evolution of a New Species. One of a series of Kismet images.
    USA_rs_42_nxxs.jpg
  • Cardiology ultrasound on a dog. Veterinarian School, University of California, Davis.
    USA_ANML_09_xs.jpg
  • Harry Fujita, president and CEO of Iwasaki Images of America, shows samples of the plastic food and novelty items his Torrance, California company makes. MODEL RELEASED.
    Japan_JAP_09_xs.jpg
  • Simulated lightning strike to a TV antenna wire, exploding the wire. Institution for Hopspänningsforkning, Husbyborg, Uppsala, Sweden. Engineer - Eric Löfberg. (1991).Lightning occurs when a large electrical charge builds up in a cloud, probably due to the friction of water and ice particles. The charge induces an opposite charge on the ground, and a few leader electrons travel to the ground. When one makes contact, there is a huge backflow of energy up the path of the electron. This produces a bright flash of light, and temperatures of up to 30,000 degrees Celsius.
    SWE_SCI_LIG_01_xs.jpg
  • Lightning demonstration strikes model house and church with impulses of up to 800,000 volts. Deutsches Museum, Munich, Germany. 1991..Lightning occurs when a large electrical charge builds up in a cloud, probably due to the friction of water and ice particles. The charge induces an opposite charge on the ground, and a few leader electrons travel to the ground. When one makes contact, there is a huge backflow of energy up the path of the electron. This produces a bright flash of light, and temperatures of up to 30,000 degrees Celsius.
    GER_SCI_LIG_01_xs.jpg
  • Hypothermia Research at the University of Minnesota Hypothermia laboratory in Duluth; volunteers immersed in cold water at a temperature of 53 degrees Fahrenheit (10 °C). A variety of probes measure their vital functions, skin & core body temperatures. MODEL RELEASED [1988]
    USA_SCI_HYP_03_xs.jpg
  • Hypothermia Research: Research on exercise in cold water, part of an assessment of exercise regimes for victims of multiple sclerosis (MS). Here, at the University of Minnesota Hypothermia laboratory in Duluth, a volunteer rides an exercise bicycle while immersed in cold water at a temperature of 50 degrees Fahrenheit. A variety of probes measure his vital functions, skin & core body temperatures. The tube connected to his mouth delivers a monitored air supply. People afflicted by MS need regular exercise, but the rise in body temperature this provokes often causes uncontrollable shaking. Exercise in cold water helps counter this effect. MODEL RELEASED [1988]  .Hypothermia is a medical condition in which the victim's core body temperature has dropped to significantly below normal and normal metabolism begins to be impaired. This begins to occur when the core temperature drops below 35 degrees Celsius (95 degrees Fahrenheit). If body temperature falls below 32 °C (90 °F), the condition can become critical and eventually fatal. Body temperatures below 27 °C (80 °F) are almost uniformly fatal, though body temperatures as low as 14 °C (57.5 °F) have been known to be survivable.  [[http://encycl.opentopia.com/term/Hypothermia]]
    USA_SCI_HYP_01_xs.jpg
  • Earthquake research. Geophysicist, William Prescott in the computer data room, with earthquake data recording equipment behind him, at the U.S. Geological Survey's laboratory at Menlo Park, California. USA MODEL RELEASED.
    USA_CA_EQ_15_xs.jpg
  • Jennifer Mason & Barbara Wagstaff perform fossilized pollen research at Monash University, Melbourne, Australia MODEL RELEASED [1989]
    AUS_SCI_DINO_18_xs.jpg
  • Robert T. Gregory of Monash University in Melbourne, Australia performs oxygen isotope ratio research on Australian dinosaur bone fragments found at a research dig at Dinosaur Cove on Cape Otway, Australia. MODEL RELEASED  [1989]
    AUS_SCI_DINO_08_xs.jpg
  • Micro Technology: University of California, Berkeley: Computer room in Soda Hall. Professor Randy H. Katz. Randy Katz is a Professor of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science at the University of California, Berkeley. He was instrumental in the development of the RAID concept for computer storage.. Model Released. [2000]
    USA_SCI_MICRO_02_xs.jpg
  • Shaman Pharmaceutical in South San Francisco, California processes plants for concentrated extracts for new medicines.  Dr. Jian Lu Chen (Model Released). Nuclear mag. Resonance identifies plant molecules. MODEL RELEASED (1997)
    USA_SCI_PHAR_14_xs.jpg
  • Human Genome Project: Charles R. Cantor and Cassandra Smith, American biologists, photographed in a laboratory at Columbia University, New York, in May 1989. Cantor's area of research is human genetics. With colleagues at Columbia, he has contributed to work on the human genome project, an ambitious plant to construct a complete biochemical document detailing every gene expressed on each of the 23 pairs of human chromosomes. Smith's area of research is human genetics. With colleagues at Columbia, she has contributed to work on the human genome project, an ambitious plant to construct a complete biochemical document detailing every gene expressed on each of the 23 pairs of human chromosomes. MODEL RELEASED.
    USA_SCI_HGP_28_xs.jpg
  • Harvard scientist Walter Gilbert studying a DNA sequencing autoradiogram, made in the course of research associated with the human genome project. The term genome describes the full set of genes expressed by an organism's chromosomes. A gene is a section of DNA that instructs a cell to make a specific protein. The task of constructing such a complete blueprint of genetic information for humans is divided into two main phases: mapping genes and other markers on chromosomes, and decoding the DNA sequences of genes on all the chromosomes. Numerous laboratories worldwide are engaged on various aspects of genome research. MODEL RELEASED.
    USA_SCI_HGP_26_xs.jpg
  • Human Genome Project: Portrait of Leroy Hood, Caltech scientist. Leroy Hood is an American biologist. He won the 2003 Lemelson-MIT Prize for inventing "four instruments that have unlocked much of the mystery of human biology" by helping decode the genome. Hood also won the 2002 Kyoto Prize for Advanced Technology, and the 1987 Albert Lasker Award for Basic Medical Research. His inventions include the automated DNA sequencer, a device to create proteins and an automated tool for synthesizing DNA. Hood co-founded the Institute for Systems Biology. MODEL RELEASED (1989).
    USA_SCI_HGP_25_xs.jpg
  • Human Genome Project: Dr Jonathan Beckwith, American biologist, examining through a magnifying glass, a Petri dish containing a genetically- engineered colony of the bacteria, Escherichia coli, in his laboratory at Harvard Medical School. As a respected scientist working with genetic engineering technology, Beckwith is concerned about the social & legal implications of human genetic screening, an option that might arise from the successful completion of the human genome project - an ambitious plan to make a complete biochemical survey of every gene expressed on all the 23 pairs of human chromosomes. MODEL RELEASED (1989).
    USA_SCI_HGP_22_xs.jpg
  • Human Genome Project: Dr Jonathan Beckwith, American biologist. As a respected scientist working with genetic engineering technology, Beckwith is concerned about the social & legal implications of human genetic screening, an option that might arise from the successful completion of the human genome project - an ambitious plan to make a complete biochemical survey of every gene expressed on all the 23 pairs of human chromosomes. MODEL RELEASED (1989).
    USA_SCI_HGP_21_xs.jpg
  • Fluorescence micrograph of human chromosomes showing the mapping of cloned fragments of DNA (DNA probes) to the long arms of chromosome 11. In this image, the chromosomes are stained to give red fluorescence, with the probes appearing as areas of green/yellow fluorescence on the ends of the chromosomes. Mapping chromosomes may be regarded as a physical survey of each chromosome to find the location of genes or other markers. Mapping & sequencing (decoding the base-pair sequence of all the DNA in each chromosome) are the two main phases of the human genome project, an ambitious plan to reveal all of the genetic information encoded by every human chromosome.
    USA_SCI_HGP_19_xs.jpg
  • Research on the human genome: composite image of an infant and a computer graphics model of the DNA molecule overlaid on a computer enhanced DNA sequencing autoradiogram. DNA sequencing of chromosomes involves decoding the base pair sequence of sections of DNA - most usefully, those sections called genes which encode specific proteins. Sequencing and mapping - surveying each of the 23 pairs of human chromosomes to locate genes or other important markers - are two phases in the human genome project. The construction of such a complete genetic map involves a detailed biochemical survey of every gene expressed on all 23 pairs of human chromosomes.  (1989).
    USA_SCI_HGP_17_xs.jpg
  • Human Genome Project: Columbia University. Charles Cantor, American biologist, photographed in a laboratory at Columbia University, New York, in May 1989. Cantor's area of research is human genetics. With colleagues at Columbia, he has contributed to work on the human genome project, an ambitious plant to construct a complete biochemical document detailing every gene expressed on each of the 23 pairs of human chromosomes. MODEL RELEASED (1989).
    USA_SCI_HGP_10_xs.jpg
  • Research on the human genome: Dr Peter Lichter, of Yale Medical School, using a light microscope to do fine mapping of long DNA fragments on human chromosomes using a technique known as non- radioactive in-situ hybridization. The chromosomes appear in red on the monitor screen, whilst the DNA fragments (called probes) appear yellow/green. Mapping chromosomes may be regarded as a physical survey of each chromosome to find the location of genes or other markers. Mapping & sequencing are the two main phases of the genome project; an ambitious plan to build a complete blueprint of human genetic information..Human Genome Project.
    USA_SCI_HGP_07_xs.jpg
  • Failure Analysis Associates, Inc. (an engineering and scientific consulting firm now called Exponent). Menlo Park, California. Wind tunnel study of flat spray head. Testing pesticide dispersion for various speeds of crop duster aerial application. MODEL RELEASED
    USA_FLAN_04_xs.jpg
  • (1992) Winston Hearst, who found Anasazi Indian corn in the Spirit Cave Ruins in Utah. The 1000-year-old corn was DNA fingerprinted and later matched to a genetically similar corn from Colorado. MODEL RELEASED.
    USA_SCI_DNA_54_xs.jpg
  • (1992) The white rhino "Dinka" at the San Diego Wild Animal Park, San Diego, CA. White rhinos were proven to be a separate species by DNA fingerprinting.
    USA_SCI_DNA_53_xs.jpg
  • (1992) Frank Nastasi plants a kiss on his horse Compadre's muzzle, which was DNA tested to prove his Thoroughbred bloodline. Pine Bourne Horse Farm, Long Island, NY. DNA Fingerprinting. MODEL RELEASED.
    USA_SCI_DNA_52_xs.jpg
  • (1992) At the San Diego Zoo in California, veterinarians draw blood from Galapagos tortoises for DNA fingerprinting. The samples will be used to repopulate the islands with the correct species. DNA Fingerprinting.
    USA_SCI_DNA_50_xs.jpg
  • (1992) A copulating pair of monkeys. Using Rhesus monkeys, the National Institute of Health is attempting to develop retro-viral free (Herpes-B free) monkeys because virus-carrying monkeys can throw off test results. The goal is to minimize inbreeding to insure a pure test breed.  Human probes are being used to identify polymorphism in monkeys, and the monkeys' blood samples are DNA fingerprinted.  Monkeys are moved among half-acre outdoor pens and other smaller cages thereby minimizing inbreeding. University of California Davis, Department of Anthropology. DNA Fingerprinting.
    USA_SCI_DNA_48_xs.jpg
  • (1992) Using Rhesus monkeys, the National Institute of Health is attempting to develop retro-viral free (Herpes-B free) monkeys because virus-carrying monkeys can throw off test results. The goal is to minimize inbreeding to insure a pure test breed.  Human probes are being used to identify polymorphism in monkeys, and the monkeys' blood samples are DNA fingerprinted.  Monkeys are moved among half-acre outdoor pens and other smaller cages thereby minimizing inbreeding. University of California Davis, Department of Anthropology. DNA Fingerprinting.
    USA_SCI_DNA_45_xs.jpg
  • (1992) Elephant seals at Ano Nuevo State Reserve in California. Skin samples are collected for the Dr. B. Leboef study to determine if high social dominance is correlated to reproductive success and if the proportion of copulations a male obtains is proportional to the number of offspring sired. DNA Fingerprinting..
    USA_SCI_DNA_43_xs.jpg
  • (1992) Elephant seals at Ano Nuevo State Reserve in California. Skin samples are collected for the Dr. B. Leboef study to determine if high social dominance is correlated to reproductive success and if the proportion of copulations a male obtains is proportional to the number of offspring sired. DNA Fingerprinting.
    USA_SCI_DNA_41_xs.jpg
  • (1992) Cell line cultures growing in warm room at the Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City, Utah. DNA Fingerprinting.
    USA_SCI_DNA_39_xs.jpg
  • (1992) Fred Hutchinson cancer research center. Bone Marrow recipient Jirka Rydl awaiting transplant donor found thru DNA fingerprinting. The bands (black) on the autoradiograms show the sequence of bases in a sample of DNA. DNA Fingerprinting. MODEL RELEASED
    USA_SCI_DNA_35_xs.jpg
  • (1992) Cetus Corporation (CA) "Thermo-Cycler", using TAQ-1 bacterium amplifies DNA Millionfold overnight using P.C.R. (Polymerase chain reaction). DNA Fingerprinting.
    USA_SCI_DNA_29_xs.jpg
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