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  • (1992) Winston Hearst, who found Anasazi Indian corn in the Spirit Cave Ruins in Utah. The 1000-year-old corn was DNA fingerprinted and later matched to a genetically similar corn from Colorado. MODEL RELEASED.
    USA_SCI_DNA_54_xs.jpg
  • (1992) At the San Diego Zoo in California, veterinarians draw blood from Galapagos tortoises for DNA fingerprinting. The samples will be used to repopulate the islands with the correct species. DNA Fingerprinting.
    USA_SCI_DNA_50_xs.jpg
  • (1992) A copulating pair of monkeys. Using Rhesus monkeys, the National Institute of Health is attempting to develop retro-viral free (Herpes-B free) monkeys because virus-carrying monkeys can throw off test results. The goal is to minimize inbreeding to insure a pure test breed.  Human probes are being used to identify polymorphism in monkeys, and the monkeys' blood samples are DNA fingerprinted.  Monkeys are moved among half-acre outdoor pens and other smaller cages thereby minimizing inbreeding. University of California Davis, Department of Anthropology. DNA Fingerprinting.
    USA_SCI_DNA_48_xs.jpg
  • (1992) Using Rhesus monkeys, the National Institute of Health is attempting to develop retro-viral free (Herpes-B free) monkeys because virus-carrying monkeys can throw off test results. The goal is to minimize inbreeding to insure a pure test breed.  Human probes are being used to identify polymorphism in monkeys, and the monkeys' blood samples are DNA fingerprinted.  Monkeys are moved among half-acre outdoor pens and other smaller cages thereby minimizing inbreeding. University of California Davis, Department of Anthropology. DNA Fingerprinting.
    USA_SCI_DNA_45_xs.jpg
  • (1992) Elephant seals at Ano Nuevo State Reserve in California. Skin samples are collected for the Dr. B. Leboef study to determine if high social dominance is correlated to reproductive success and if the proportion of copulations a male obtains is proportional to the number of offspring sired. DNA Fingerprinting..
    USA_SCI_DNA_43_xs.jpg
  • (1992) Elephant seals at Ano Nuevo State Reserve in California. Skin samples are collected for the Dr. B. Leboef study to determine if high social dominance is correlated to reproductive success and if the proportion of copulations a male obtains is proportional to the number of offspring sired. DNA Fingerprinting.
    USA_SCI_DNA_41_xs.jpg
  • (1992) AIDS research conducted at Cetus Corporation in Emeryville, California, using PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) analysis. DNA Fingerprinting..
    USA_SCI_DNA_27_xs.jpg
  • (1992) Forensic science. Sarah Garlow doing presumptive testing for the presence of blood on a 357 magnum.  For a liquid blood examination, Stuart Cohen is crushing the clot of whole blood sample for DNA sampling. ). MODEL RELEASED.
    USA_SCI_DNA_23_xs.jpg
  • (1992) Karen Garner preparing a gorilla hair for analysis using PCR (polymerase chain reaction).  This hair is from Peanuts, a silverback male mountain gorilla (named by Dian Fossey) who died May 1, 1989, at about age 29.  The study is being done to assess the level of genetic diversity in gorilla populations, to clarify gorilla classification at the subspecies level, and to develop methods for pedigree determination. The bands (black) on the autoradiograms show the sequence of bases in a sample of DNA. At the San Diego Zoo in California. DNA Fingerprinting. MODEL RELEASED
    USA_SCI_DNA_20_xs.jpg
  • (1992) Microbiologist, Tom Brock at Octopus Spring and White Creek (Great Fountain Area) where he found the bacteria Thermus Aquaticus (TAQ 1), which is used in a process to amplify DNA called polymerase chain reaction (PCR). His discovery made automated PCR possible.  Here he was studying the out-flow channels of boiling hot springs. DNA Fingerprinting. MODEL RELEASED
    USA_SCI_DNA_14_xs.jpg
  • (1992) An 8,000 year old brain of a prehistoric American which was part of a DNA study of 91 brains on lineage relationships and hereditary diseases conducted at the University of Florida in Gainesville.
    USA_SCI_DNA_10_xs.jpg
  • (1992) Computer screen display of DNA analysis at the home office of Forensic Science Service in Aldermaston, England.
    GBR_SCI_DNA_19_xs.jpg
  • (1992) Forensic science laboratory using DNA fingerprinting. Overhead view of laboratory technicians checking DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) autoradiograms. Labeling the DNA fragments in an electrophoresis gel with a radioactive marker chemical produces these. The gel is then placed on a piece of X-ray film; the radiation from the marker leaves a dark patch, representing each fragment, on the film after development. Comparison of autorads from two samples of DNA is the method by which a correlation may be made - so-called DNA fingerprinting.
    GBR_SCI_DNA_16_xs.jpg
  • (1992) Peter Gill at the home office of the Forensic Science Service, with a sample from the extraction procedure. Later it will be analyzed for a DNA profile. DNA consists of two sugar- phosphate backbones, arranged in a double helix, linked by nucleotide bases. There are 4 types of base; adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G) and thymine (T). Sequences of these bases make up genes, which encode an organism's genetic information. DNA Fingerprinting. MODEL RELEASED
    GBR_SCI_DNA_13_xs.jpg
  • (1992) Professor Alec Jeffreys (b. 1950), English molecular biologist and discoverer of DNA fingerprinting. In the background is an image of an autoradiogram, the visualization technique used to compare DNA samples. A DNA fingerprint is a unique genetic sequence, which identifies any individual, human or animal, from a tiny sample of tissue such as blood, hair, or sperm. Its many uses include the identification and conviction of criminals, and the proving of family relationships, such as the paternity of a child. Only monozygotic 'identical' twins share the same DNA. DNA consists of two sugar- phosphate backbones, arranged in a double helix, linked by nucleotide bases. There are 4 types of base; adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G) and thymine (T). Sequences of these bases make up genes, which encode an organism's genetic information. The bands (black) on the autoradiogram show the sequence of bases in a sample of DNA. Jeffreys is a professor in the Department of Genetics at the University of Leicester, England. Backgroung shows Autorad. DNA Fingerprinting. MODEL RELEASED
    GBR_SCI_DNA_08_xs.jpg
  • (1992) Professor Alec Jeffreys (b. 1950), English molecular biologist and discoverer of DNA fingerprinting. In the background is an image of an autoradiogram, the visualization technique used to compare DNA samples. A DNA fingerprint is a unique genetic sequence, which identifies any individual, human or animal, from a tiny sample of tissue such as blood, hair, or sperm. Its many uses include the identification and conviction of criminals, and the proving of family relationships, such as the paternity of a child. Only monozygotic 'identical' twins share the same DNA. DNA consists of two sugar- phosphate backbones, arranged in a double helix, linked by nucleotide bases. There are 4 types of base; adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G) and thymine (T). Sequences of these bases make up genes, which encode an organism's genetic information. The bands (black) on the autoradiogram show the sequence of bases in a sample of DNA. Jeffreys is a professor in the Department of Genetics at the University of Leicester, England. DNA Fingerprinting. MODEL RELEASED
    GBR_SCI_DNA_07_xs.jpg
  • (1992) The white rhino "Dinka" at the San Diego Wild Animal Park, San Diego, CA. White rhinos were proven to be a separate species by DNA fingerprinting.
    USA_SCI_DNA_53_xs.jpg
  • (1992) Frank Nastasi plants a kiss on his horse Compadre's muzzle, which was DNA tested to prove his Thoroughbred bloodline. Pine Bourne Horse Farm, Long Island, NY. DNA Fingerprinting. MODEL RELEASED.
    USA_SCI_DNA_52_xs.jpg
  • (1992) Using Rhesus monkeys, the National Institute of Health is attempting to develop retro-viral free (Herpes-B free) monkeys because virus-carrying monkeys can throw off test results. The goal is to minimize inbreeding to insure a pure test breed.  Human probes are being used to identify polymorphism in monkeys, and the monkeys' blood samples are DNA fingerprinted.  Monkeys are moved among half-acre outdoor pens and other smaller cages thereby minimizing inbreeding. University of California Davis, Department of Anthropology. DNA Fingerprinting..
    USA_SCI_DNA_49_xs.jpg
  • (1992) Using Rhesus monkeys, the National Institute of Health is attempting to develop retro-viral free (Herpes-B free) monkeys because virus-carrying monkeys can throw off test results. The goal is to minimize inbreeding to insure a pure test breed.  Human probes are being used to identify polymorphism in monkeys, and the monkeys' blood samples are DNA fingerprinted.  Monkeys are moved among half-acre outdoor pens and other smaller cages thereby minimizing inbreeding. University of California Davis, Department of Anthropology. DNA Fingerprinting..
    USA_SCI_DNA_46_xs.jpg
  • (1992) Elephant seals at Ano Nuevo State Reserve in California. Skin samples are collected for the Dr. B. Leboef study to determine if high social dominance is correlated to reproductive success and if the proportion of copulations a male obtains is proportional to the number of offspring sired. DNA Fingerprinting.
    USA_SCI_DNA_42_xs.jpg
  • (1992) Karen Garner preparing a gorilla hair for analysis using PCR (polymerase chain reaction).  This hair is from Peanuts, a silverback male mountain gorilla (named by Dian Fossey) who died May 1, 1989, at about age 29.  The study is being done to assess the level of genetic diversity in gorilla populations, to clarify gorilla classification at the subspecies level, and to develop methods for pedigree determination. The bands (black) on the autoradiograms show the sequence of bases in a sample of DNA. At the San Diego Zoo in California. DNA Fingerprinting..
    USA_SCI_DNA_40_xs.jpg
  • (1992) Cell line cultures growing in warm room at the Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City, Utah. DNA Fingerprinting.
    USA_SCI_DNA_39_xs.jpg
  • (1992) Lawyers, Peter Neufeld (left) and Barry Scheck have become experts on the legal aspects of DNA fingerprinting challenging statistical probability. They are pictured in Yankee Stadium in New York. MODEL RELEASED
    USA_SCI_DNA_37_xs.jpg
  • (1992) At the California Department of Corrections medical facility, in Vacaville California, prisoners entering in the system have their blood drawn for DNA records. DNA Fingerprinting.
    USA_SCI_DNA_36_xs.jpg
  • (1992) Ray White in his lab at the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, with the genetic map of his family used in his "linkage strategy". DNA Fingerprinting. MODEL RELEASED
    USA_SCI_DNA_32_xs.jpg
  • (1992) DNA testing of a mummy's foot. Dr. Svante Paabo takes a sample from a mummified foot for analysis by DNA sequencing. DNA obtained from the foot was compared with DNA from present day Egyptians and people from surrounding countries. This is part of research into the amount of ethnic mixing within the population of the upper Nile region. The mummy is about 2000 years old. University of California at Berkeley. DNA Fingerprinting. MODEL RELEASED
    USA_SCI_DNA_31_xs.jpg
  • (1992) Cetus Corporation (CA) "Thermo-Cycler", using TAQ-1 bacterium amplifies DNA Millionfold overnight using P.C.R. (Polymerase chain reaction). DNA Fingerprinting.
    USA_SCI_DNA_29_xs.jpg
  • (1992) Leslie Jerominski trypsinizing hybred cells and expanding them to larger Flasks (trypsin enzyme) in Ray White's lab.  Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Salt Lake City, Utah. DNA Fingerprinting. MODEL RELEASED.
    USA_SCI_DNA_28_xs.jpg
  • (1992) Matt McCoy (front) and Mark Bodee extract DNA from fetal tissues and blood and semen stains at Cellmark Diagnostics in Germantown, Maryland. ). DNA consists of two sugar- phosphate backbones, arranged in a double helix, linked by nucleotide bases. There are 4 types of base; adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G) and thymine (T). Sequences of these bases make up genes, which encode an organism's genetic information. DNA Fingerprinting. MODEL RELEASED.
    USA_SCI_DNA_26_xs.jpg
  • (1992) Mummy's DNA testing. Dr. Svante Paabo taking a sample from a 2000 year old mummy's foot for DNA analysis. DNA obtained from the foot was compared with DNA from present day Egyptians and people from surrounding countries. This is part of research into the amount of ethnic mixing within the population of the upper Nile region. The mummy is about 2000 years old. University of California at Berkeley.  DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) is the molecule responsible for carrying the genetic code, which is slightly different in every individual. Familial traits can be traced by studying the differences. Taking DNA from preserved humans gives a good account of how humans spread across the world. ). MODEL RELEASED
    USA_SCI_DNA_25_xs.jpg
  • (1992) F.B.I. serology lab, Washington, DC.  Sarah Garlow doing presumptive testing for the presence of blood on a 357 magnum.  For a liquid blood examination, Stuart Cohen is crushing the clot of whole blood sample for DNA sampling. ). DNA Fingerprinting. MODEL RELEASED
    USA_SCI_DNA_24_xs.jpg
  • (1992) DNA fingerprinting. Lauren Galbreath, a laboratory technician making a visual check of a DNA autoradiograph (autorads). Autorads are produced by labeling the DNA fragments in an electrophoresis gel with a radioactive marker chemical. The gel is then placed on a piece of X- ray film; the radiation from the marker leaves a dark patch, representing each fragment, on the film after development. Comparison of autorads from two samples of DNA is the method by which a correlation may be made - so-called DNA fingerprinting. Tarrytown New York State, USA. MODEL RELEASED
    USA_SCI_DNA_22_xs.jpg
  • (1992) DNA fingerprinting. Lauren Galbreath, a laboratory technician making a visual check of a DNA autoradiograph (autorads). Autorads are produced by labeling the DNA fragments in an electrophoresis gel with a radioactive marker chemical. The gel is then placed on a piece of X- ray film; the radiation from the marker leaves a dark patch, representing each fragment, on the film after development. Comparison of autorads from two samples of DNA is the method by which a correlation may be made - so-called DNA fingerprinting. Tarrytown New York State, USA. MODEL RELEASED
    USA_SCI_DNA_21_xs.jpg
  • (1992) David Viskochil collects super coiled DNA from cesium chloride gradients (separates plasmid DNA from bacterial chromosomal DNA). . DNA consists of two sugar- phosphate backbones, arranged in a double helix, linked by nucleotide bases. There are 4 types of base; adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G) and thymine (T). Sequences of these bases make up genes, which encode an organism's genetic information. Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah. DNA Fingerprinting..
    USA_SCI_DNA_16_xs.jpg
  • (1992) Microbiologist, Tom Brock at Octopus Spring and White Creek (Great Fountain Area) where he found the bacteria Thermus Aquaticus (TAQ 1), which is used in a process to amplify DNA called polymerase chain reaction (PCR). His discovery made automated PCR possible.  Here he was studying the out-flow channels of boiling hot springs. DNA Fingerprinting. MODEL RELEASED
    USA_SCI_DNA_15_xs.jpg
  • (1992) David Vasquez and his mother Imelda Shapiro at home in Manassas, Virginia. Vasquez served 5 years in prison for rape/murder until the real murderer was found with DNA fingerprinting. MODEL RELEASED.
    USA_SCI_DNA_13_xs.jpg
  • (1992) Terrance Robinson, shown at the Bridgeport Correctional Center, was accused of and arrested for rape in 1988. He served eight months in jail but was acquitted when DNA fingerprinting proved his innocence. MODEL RELEASED.
    USA_SCI_DNA_12_xs.jpg
  • (1992) DNA testing in anthropology. A researcher with a mummified human brain. Dr. William Hausworth holding a 8000-year-old brain.  In the background is equipment used in purifying synthetic DNA primers used in PCR analysis of ancient brain DNA.   This and 90 similar specimens were found in a Native American burial pit, and are thought to be about 8000 years old. DNA fingerprinting of the specimens is being used to study family relationships within the group and to look for signs of hereditary diseases at the University of Florida.  MODEL RELEASED
    USA_SCI_DNA_11_xs.jpg
  • (1992) NYPD Crime Scene Unit responding to a possible homicide/rape of a 49-year-old white woman in her apartment in Flushing, New York. She was attacked in the kitchen, carried into the bedroom, tied and then stabbed 31 times. Detective Arnie Roussine and Kim Geis are seen using a forensic laser "Omniprint 1000" to look for traces of sperm on the bloody sheets at the foot of the bed. Roussine has served 28 years with the Crime Scene Unit---he has worked on 7,000 cases (3,000 of them have been homicides.) DNA Fingerprinting..
    USA_SCI_DNA_09_xs.jpg
  • (1992) The New York Crime Scene Unit responds to an incident in Brooklyn, examining the evidence of a grocery store robbery and get-away in a stolen car which escalated into a shootout with the police. One policeman died of a heart attack. DNA Fingerprinting.
    USA_SCI_DNA_07_xs.jpg
  • (1992) The Crime Scene Unit responding to a drug shooting in the Bronx. The victim was shot 4 times and then died. In the aftermath, detective Hank Fieldsa dusts for fingerprints. DNA Fingerprinting. MODEL RELEASED
    USA_SCI_DNA_08_xs.jpg
  • (1992) Crime Scene Unit responding to a body found in a closet in the Bronx. The suspect confessed at the 44th precinct while we were at the crime scene. He smoked 10 vials of crack and killed his girlfriend in his father's apartment bedroom. He mopped up the blood but left pieces of the mop on the floor, and bloody sheets in a bucket in the bathtub. The detectives took samples of the mop, bed sheets and blood on the floor. They bagged the hands of the victim for evidence and analysis at the morgue. There was a pit bull dog found in the other closet. DNA Fingerprinting..
    USA_SCI_DNA_05_xs.jpg
  • (1992) A Crime Scene Unit response to a suicide in the Bronx. A 19-year-old young man shot himself during a family argument. In the aftermath, detective Hank Fieldsa looks for a spent cartridge in the bloody gore on the floor where he shot himself. DNA Fingerprinting. MODEL RELEASED
    USA_SCI_DNA_02_xs.jpg
  • (1992) A Crime Scene Unit responds to the dispatcher's call of a body found in a closet in the Bronx. The suspect confessed at the 44th precinct while detectives were gathering evidence at the crime scene. He had smoked ten vials of crack cocaine and killed his girlfriend in his father's apartment bedroom, then mopped up the blood, but left pieces of the mop on the floor and bloody sheets in a bucket in the bathtub. The detectives took samples of the mop, bed sheets and blood on the floor. They bagged the hands of the victim for analysis at the morgue. Bronx, NYC. DNA Fingerprinting..
    USA_SCI_DNA_01_xs.jpg
  • (1992) At the Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry in Munich, Germany, Professor J. T. Epplen looks at DNA gel sequences of D-related B Genes (autoradiograms). DNA consists of two sugar- phosphate backbones, arranged in a double helix, linked by nucleotide bases. There are 4 types of base; adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G) and thymine (T). Sequences of these bases make up genes, which encode an organism's genetic information. The bands (black) on the autoradiogram show the sequence of bases in a sample of DNA. DNA Fingerprinting. MODEL RELEASED
    GER_SCI_DNA_01_xs.jpg
  • (1992) Mrs. Kath Eastwood, Mother of Lynda Mann, holding a picture of her daughter in her living room in Enderby, UK. Lynda Mann was raped/murdered by Colin Pitchfork. The case was the first to be broken by DNA fingerprinting. 2,000 young men in the village gave blood to clear their names. Colin Pitchfork paid a co-worker to take the test and was later caught because of this attempted deception. DNA Fingerprinting. MODEL RELEASED.
    GBR_SCI_DNA_25_xs.jpg
  • (1992) Abdul Matlib and his family from Bangladesh who were reunited in Britain after DNA testing proved blood relation. He is looking at the DNA autoradiogram that proved his blood relationships.  DNA consists of two sugar- phosphate backbones, arranged in a double helix, linked by nucleotide bases. There are 4 types of base; adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G) and thymine (T). Sequences of these bases make up genes, which encode an organism's genetic information. The bands (black) on the autoradiograms show the sequence of bases in a sample of DNA. DNA Fingerprinting.
    GBR_SCI_DNA_24_xs.jpg
  • (1992) Abdul Matlib and his family from Bangladesh who were reunited in Britain after DNA testing proved blood relation.
    GBR_SCI_DNA_23_xs.jpg
  • (1992) A video file search of fingerprints at the Scotland Yard in London, England. DNA Fingerprinting.
    GBR_SCI_DNA_18_xs.jpg
  • (1992) At Cambridge University, Bill Amos prepares sloughed sperm whale skin collected off of the Azores Islands in England. The skin is then DNA analyzed to study relationships among the whale population. DNA consists of two sugar- phosphate backbones, arranged in a double helix, linked by nucleotide bases. There are 4 types of base; adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G) and thymine (T). Sequences of these bases make up genes, which encode an organism's genetic information. DNA Fingerprinting. MODEL RELEASED
    GBR_SCI_DNA_15_xs.jpg
  • (1992) At Cambridge University, Bill Amos prepares sloughed sperm whale skin collected off of the Azores Islands in England. The skin is then DNA analyzed to study relationships among the whale population. DNA consists of two sugar- phosphate backbones, arranged in a double helix, linked by nucleotide bases. There are 4 types of base; adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G) and thymine (T). Sequences of these bases make up genes, which encode an organism's genetic information. DNA Fingerprinting. MODEL RELEASED
    GBR_SCI_DNA_14_xs.jpg
  • (1992) Professor Alec Jeffreys (b. 1950), English molecular biologist and discoverer of DNA fingerprinting. In the background is an image of an autoradiogram, the visualization technique used to compare DNA samples. A DNA fingerprint is a unique genetic sequence, which identifies any individual, human or animal, from a tiny sample of tissue such as blood, hair, or sperm. Its many uses include the identification and conviction of criminals, and the proving of family relationships, such as the paternity of a child. Only monozygotic 'identical' twins share the same DNA. DNA consists of two sugar- phosphate backbones, arranged in a double helix, linked by nucleotide bases. There are 4 types of base; adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G) and thymine (T). Sequences of these bases make up genes, which encode an organism's genetic information. The bands (black) on the autoradiogram show the sequence of bases in a sample of DNA. Jeffreys is a professor in the Department of Genetics at the University of Leicester, England. DNA Fingerprinting. MODEL RELEASED
    GBR_SCI_DNA_10_xs.jpg
  • (1992) Professor Alec Jeffreys (b. 1950), English molecular biologist and discoverer of DNA fingerprinting. In the background is an image of an autoradiogram, the visualization technique used to compare DNA samples. A DNA fingerprint is a unique genetic sequence, which identifies any individual, human or animal, from a tiny sample of tissue such as blood, hair, or sperm. Its many uses include the identification and conviction of criminals, and the proving of family relationships, such as the paternity of a child. Only monozygotic 'identical' twins share the same DNA. DNA consists of two sugar- phosphate backbones, arranged in a double helix, linked by nucleotide bases. There are 4 types of base; adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G) and thymine (T). Sequences of these bases make up genes, which encode an organism's genetic information. The bands (black) on the autoradiogram show the sequence of bases in a sample of DNA. Jeffreys is a professor in the Department of Genetics at the University of Leicester, England. MODEL RELEASED
    GBR_SCI_DNA_09_xs.jpg
  • (1992) Blood storage. Blood samples being stored in a cryogenic freezer. The blood can be used to produce a DNA fingerprint even after years of storage. Selected DNA extracted from the blood is separated into DNA bands by electrophoresis in an agarose gel. The pattern of DNA bands is unique to each person, but related people, such as a parent & child, share some bands. DNA fingerprints can be used to prove conclusively whether people are related. It can also be used to identify and convict criminals from blood, semen or hair left at the scene of a crime.  Cellmark Diagnostics, a commercial laboratory near Oxford, UK.
    GBR_SCI_DNA_06_xs.jpg
  • (1992) Alison Thomas loading gel and putting a lid on a gel tank at Cellmark Diagnostics, England's first commercial DNA fingerprinting lab. DNA consists of two sugar- phosphate backbones, arranged in a double helix, linked by nucleotide bases. There are 4 types of base; adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G) and thymine (T). Sequences of these bases make up genes, which encode an organism's genetic information. DNA Fingerprinting. MODEL RELEASED.
    GBR_SCI_DNA_05_xs.jpg
  • (1992) A glob of DNA floating in solution in a vial at Cellmark Diagnostics, England's first commercial DNA fingerprinting lab. DNA consists of two sugar- phosphate backbones, arranged in a double helix, linked by nucleotide bases. There are 4 types of base; adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G) and thymine (T). Sequences of these bases make up genes, which encode an organism's genetic information. DNA Fingerprinting. .
    GBR_SCI_DNA_04_xs.jpg
  • (1992) Glona Omodiagbe visually analyzes a DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) autoradiogram at Cellmark Diagnostics, England's first Commercial DNA fingerprinting lab. MODEL RELEASED
    GBR_SCI_DNA_03_xs.jpg
  • (1992) Forensic use of DNA fingerprints. A scientist taking a sample from a bloodstained pair of jeans. DNA from the sample is then sequenced, providing a DNA fingerprint (such as those seen at the edges of the frame). This may then be compared with DNA from the victim and any suspect. In some cases, this may be used in conjunction with other evidence to positively link a suspect with both the victim and the scene of a crime. Modern amplification techniques allow DNA sequences to be taken from extremely small samples, such as a few spots of blood or a few hair follicles. (Scientist here is J. Bark). MODEL RELEASED
    GBR_SCI_DNA_02_xs.jpg
  • (1992) At the Home Office of the Forensic Science Service in Aldermaston, England, John Bark and Linda Nelson discuss the results of a DNA profile of blood and semen samples taken from a pair of pants. The blood will be removed, and then analyzed using DNA fingerprinting techniques. This will enable the scientist to determine whether the blood belonged to the victim or the assailant. Hanging up in the foreground are various DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) autoradiograms from other DNA fingerprinting studies. DNA consists of two sugar- phosphate backbones, arranged in a double helix, linked by nucleotide bases. There are 4 types of base; adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G) and thymine (T). Sequences of these bases make up genes, which encode an organism's genetic information. The bands (black) on the autoradiogram show the sequence of bases in a sample of DNA. MODEL RELEASED
    GBR_SCI_DNA_01_xs.jpg
  • Forensic research. (1992) Argentine Forensic Anthropology team in morgue of San Isidrio Hospital measuring and cataloguing bones of a "desparacido" a disappeared Argentinian.  Mercedes Doretti (sleeveless), Patricia Bernardi, Silvana Turner (short hair), Carlos (Marco) Somigliana (beard), Luis Fondebrider.  Data is entered into a computer and eventually they hope to match data to make an ID.  They hope to extract DNA from bones for DNA fingerprinting. Skeleton in a forensic laboratory. The bones have been numbered for identification. The researchers are trying to determine the identity of the body, which can be done by extracting and studying DNA. DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) is the chemical responsible for heredity, and is different in each individual. These are the remains of someone abducted and murdered during the military rule in Argentina between 1976 and 1983. The hole in the skull is testament to a violent death.  Buenos Aires, Argentina. DNA Fingerprinting. MODEL RELEASED
    ARG_SCI_DNA_09_xs.jpg
  • (1992) Durand Hospital Immunology Lab at the Durand Hospital. Roxana Cotisa performs HLA-ABC tests on blood lymphocyte sample after it was centrifuged from whole blood. MODEL RELEASED
    ARG_SCI_DNA_04_xs.jpg
  • Forensic research. (1992) Argentine Forensic Anthropology team in morgue of San Isidrio Hospital measuring and cataloguing bones of a "desparacido" a disappeared Argentinian.  Mercedes Doretti (sleeveless), Patricia Bernardi, Silvana Turner (short hair), Carlos (Marco) Somigliana (beard), Luis Fondebrider.  Data is entered into a computer and eventually they hope to match data to make an ID.  They hope to extract DNA from bones for DNA fingerprinting. Skeleton in a forensic laboratory. The bones have been numbered for identification. The researchers are trying to determine the identity of the body, which can be done by extracting and studying DNA. DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) is the chemical responsible for heredity, and is different in each individual. These are the remains of someone abducted and murdered during the military rule in Argentina between 1976 and 1983. The hole in the skull is testament to a violent death.  Buenos Aires, Argentina. DNA Fingerprinting. MODEL RELEASED
    ARG_SCI_DNA_03_xs.jpg
  • (1992) Chris Slay darting right whales 40 miles south of Cape Sable Island from the 38-foot boat, "Lucky 7".  A bow and arrow are used to  "dart", take skin samples from, right whales for population management study through DNA analysis. Some blubber samples are taken with hollow-tipped arrows. Nova Scotia, Canada. DNA Fingerprinting. MODEL RELEASED.
    USA_SCI_DNA_56_xs.jpg
  • (1992) Darting Right Whales, 40 miles south of Cape Sable Island. A bow and arrow are used to ?dart??take skin samples?from right whales for population management study through DNA analysis. Some blubber samples are taken with hollow-tipped arrows. Nova Scotia, Canada. DNA Fingerprinting.
    USA_SCI_DNA_55_xs.jpg
  • (1992) Galapagos Tortoises at the San Diego Zoo are being DNA fingerprinted so that their species can be repopulated correctly. DNA Fingerprinting.
    USA_SCI_DNA_51_xs.jpg
  • (1992) Using Rhesus monkeys, the National Institute of Health is attempting to develop retro-viral free (Herpes-B free) monkeys because virus-carrying monkeys can throw off test results. The goal is to minimize inbreeding to insure a pure test breed.  Human probes are being used to identify polymorphism in monkeys, and the monkeys' blood samples are DNA fingerprinted.  Monkeys are moved among half-acre outdoor pens and other smaller cages thereby minimizing inbreeding. University of California Davis, Department of Anthropology. DNA Fingerprinting.
    USA_SCI_DNA_47_xs.jpg
  • (1992) Using Rhesus monkeys, the National Institute of Health is attempting to develop retro-viral free (Herpes-B free) monkeys because virus-carrying monkeys can throw off test results. The goal is to minimize inbreeding to insure a pure test breed.  Human probes are being used to identify polymorphism in monkeys, and the monkeys' blood samples are DNA fingerprinted.  Monkeys are moved among half-acre outdoor pens and other smaller cages thereby minimizing inbreeding. University of California Davis, Department of Anthropology. DNA Fingerprinting..
    USA_SCI_DNA_44_xs.jpg
  • (1992) The Guertler's, a Mormon family, were all DNA fingerprinted in Salt Lake City, Utah. The family is shown in the Later Day Saints Tabernacle.  Left to Right:  Daniel Guertler, Christian Guertler, Hans E. Guertler, Bernice Guertler, Lucile Swenson, Hans K. Guertler, Karla Guertler, Klaus Guertler, Monika Nygaard, Andreas Guertler, Tony Guertler, Stefan Guertler. MODEL RELEASED..
    USA_SCI_DNA_38_xs.jpg
  • Howard Hughes medical institute. Salt Lake City, Utah. Lisa Nelson with robot loading DNA with Bromophenol onto gels. John Bird scoring autoradiograms. The bands (black) on the autoradiograms show the sequence of bases in a sample of DNA. DNA Fingerprinting.
    USA_SCI_DNA_33_xs.jpg
  • (1992) Ray White's Lab at the University of Utah, genetics department. Checking autoradiograms for DNA typing of family--mother, father, and seven siblings.
    USA_SCI_DNA_30_xs.jpg
  • (1992) Karen Garner preparing a gorilla hair for analysis using PCR (polymerase chain reaction).  This hair is from Peanuts, a silverback male mountain gorilla (named by Dian Fossey) who died May 1, 1989, at about age 29.  The study is being done to assess the level of genetic diversity in gorilla populations, to clarify gorilla classification at the subspecies level, and to develop methods for pedigree determination. The bands (black) on the autoradiograms show the sequence of bases in a sample of DNA. At the San Diego Zoo in California. DNA Fingerprinting. MODEL RELEASED
    USA_SCI_DNA_19_xs.jpg
  • (1992) A tiny glob of DNA floating in solution in a vial at Cellmark Diagnostics, England's first commercial DNA fingerprinting lab. . DNA consists of two sugar- phosphate backbones, arranged in a double helix, linked by nucleotide bases.
    USA_SCI_DNA_18_xs.jpg
  • (1992) Forensic scientist at a scene of crime. The scientist here is using a laser to look for possible traces of semen at the scene of a murder. The area is sprayed with a marker, which binds to proteins in the semen. If bound, the marker fluoresces under the light from the laser. This was the scene of the murder of a 49-year-old woman who had been stabbed repeatedly. Traces of semen may be used to provide a DNA fingerprint, possibly linking a suspect to the scene.  Flushing, New York. (Scientist is Detective Roussine, NYPD.) DNA Fingerprinting. MODEL RELEASED.
    USA_SCI_DNA_04_xs.jpg
  • (1992) A Crime Scene Unit response to a suicide in the Bronx. A 19-year-old young man shot himself during a family argument. In the aftermath, detective Hank Fieldsa looks for a spent cartridge in the bloody gore on the floor where he shot himself. DNA Fingerprinting. MODEL RELEASED
    USA_SCI_DNA_03_xs.jpg
  • (1992) Narborough station, town where Lynda Mann and Dawn Ashworth resided; Lynda Mann was raped and murdered in 1983 forensic scientists took semen samples, but couldn't find a murderer. In 1986 Dawn Ashworth was murdered a similar way. Police were convinced that the same assailant had committed both murders, and the FSS recovered semen samples from Dawn's body that revealed her attacker had the same blood type as Lynda's murderer. Colin Pitchfork was arrested and his DNA profile was found to match with the semen from both murders. He was eventually sentenced to life imprisonment for the two murders in 1988.
    GBR_SCI_DNA_20_xs.jpg
  • (1992) Coding fingerprints by hand in preparation to enter the information in a computer system. Scotland Yard, London, England. DNA Fingerprinting.
    GBR_SCI_DNA_17_xs.jpg
  • (1992) Vivian Emerson, department head of Home Office, looking at DNA radiograms at the Forensic Science Service in Aldermaston, England. DNA consists of two sugar- phosphate backbones, arranged in a double helix, linked by nucleotide bases. There are 4 types of base; adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G) and thymine (T). Sequences of these bases make up genes, which encode an organism's genetic information. The bands (black) on the autoradiogram show the sequence of bases in a sample of DNA. DNA Fingerprinting. MODEL RELEASED
    GBR_SCI_DNA_12_xs.jpg
  • (1992) Professor Alec Jeffreys (b. 1950), English molecular biologist and discoverer of DNA fingerprinting. A DNA fingerprint is a unique genetic sequence, which identifies any individual, human or animal, from a tiny sample of tissue such as blood, hair, or sperm. Its many uses include the identification and conviction of criminals, and the proving of family relationships, such as the paternity of a child. Only monozygotic 'identical' twins share the same DNA. MODEL RELEASED
    GBR_SCI_DNA_11_xs.jpg
  • (1992) Paula Moyano Artiga sits with her grandmother and Uncle Efrain. She was born in captivity and reunited to her family by DNA fingerprinting. Her parents, both "desaparacidos" (disappeared persons, kidnapped and killed by the right-wing Argentine government), are still missing. Buenos Aires, Argentina. DNA Fingerprinting. MODEL RELEASED.
    ARG_SCI_DNA_08_xs.jpg
  • Forensic research. (1992) Hand holding a mummified brain during forensic research. The researchers are trying to determine the identity of the body by extracting and studying DNA. DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) is the chemical responsible for heredity, and is different in each individual.  The bands (black) on the autoradiogram show the sequence of bases in a sample of DNA. These are the remains of someone abducted and murdered during the military rule in Argentina between 1976 and 1983.  Buenos Aires, Argentina. DNA Fingerprinting.
    ARG_SCI_DNA_02_xs.jpg
  • Forensic research. (1992) Hand holding a mummified brain during forensic research. The researchers are trying to determine the identity of the body by extracting and studying DNA. DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) is the chemical responsible for heredity, and is different in each individual. These are the remains of someone abducted and murdered during the military rule in Argentina between 1976 and 1983.  Buenos Aires, Argentina.  DNA Fingerprinting. .
    ARG_SCI_DNA_01.xs.jpg
  • (1992) The weekly march of Las Madres y las Abuelas de los Desparacidos (the mothers and grandmothers of the disappeared) in front of the Casa Rosada, the residence of the President of Argentina in Buenos Aires.  There was an estimated crowd of 700 people.  These groups demonstrated weekly for many years before the government admitted responsibility for thousands of political "disappearances" (murders). DNA Fingerprinting.
    ARG_SCI_DNA_06_xs.jpg
  • (1992) Maria Jose Lavalle Lemos, Haydee Lemos and Maria Lemos are a family that has been reunited by DNA fingerprinting in Buenos Aires, Argentina.  Maria Jose Lavalle-Lemos was born in captivity in 1977 taken by the nurse who helped deliver the baby.  Her father was killed in prison, and her mother was reportedly thrown from an airplane (from her stretcher) into the river Platte the day after the birth.  Her sister, Maria, was left on the street in a basket with her name five days after her parents were taken.  The sister was returned to the family. DNA Fingerprinting.  MODEL RELEASED
    ARG_SCI_DNA_07_xs.jpg
  • (1992) The weekly march of Las Madres y las Abuelas de los Desparacidos (the mothers and grandmothers of the disappeared) in front of the Casa Rosada, the residence of the President of Argentina in Buenos Aires.  There was an estimated crowd of 700 people.  These groups demonstrated weekly for many years before the government admitted responsibility for thousands of political "disappearances" (murders). DNA fingerprinting has identified some of the victims, and a number of the families have been re-united.
    ARG_SCI_DNA_05_xs.jpg
  • Kids exploring tombs at the Mayan ruins at Becan, Mexico. Jack and Evan Menzel and Sasha Blair.
    MEX_152_xs.jpg
  • San Francisco Bay model, with the Golden Gate bridge. Sausalito. California. An engineer is taking a water sample.
    USA_CA_06_xs.jpg
  • Biosphere 2 Project undertaken by Space Biosphere Ventures, a private ecological research firm funded by Edward P. Bass of Texas.  Steven Storm in the Tissue Laboratory of Biosphere 2, Oracle, Arizona. Biosphere 2 was a privately funded experiment, designed to investigate the way in which humans interact with a small self-sufficient ecological environment, and to look at possibilities for future planetary colonization.  1989
    USA_SCI_BIOSPH_10_xs.jpg
  • USA_SCI_BIOSPH_86_xs <br />
Biosphere 2 Project founder John Allen inside Biosphere 2 teat greenhouses and livestock areas. Biosphere 2 was a privately funded experiment, designed to investigate the way in which humans interact with a small self-sufficient ecological environment, and to look at possibilities for future planetary colonization. The $30 million Biosphere covers 2.5 acres near Tucson, Arizona, and was entirely self- contained. The eight ‘Biospherian’s’ shared their air- and water-tight world with 3,800 species of plant and animal life. The project had problems with oxygen levels and food supply, and has been criticized over its scientific validity. 1990
    USA_SCI_BIOSPH_86_xs.jpg
  • USA_SCI_BIOSPH_83_xs <br />
Biosphere 2 Project undertaken by Space Biosphere Ventures, a private ecological research firm funded by Edward P. Bass of Texas.  Carl Hodges, Director of the Environmental Research Lab at the University of Arizona and a consultant of the project. Biosphere 2 was a privately funded experiment, designed to investigate the way in which humans interact with a small self-sufficient ecological environment, and to look at possibilities for future planetary colonization. The $30 million Biosphere covers 2.5 acres near Tucson, Arizona, and was entirely self- contained. The eight ‘Biospherian’s’ shared their air- and water-tight world with 3,800 species of plant and animal life. The project had problems with oxygen levels and food supply, and has been criticized over its scientific validity. MODEL RELEASED 1989
    USA_SCI_BIOSPH_83_xs.jpg
  • USA_SCI_BIOSPH_82_xs <br />
Biosphere 2 Project undertaken by Space Biosphere Ventures, a private ecological research firm funded by Edward P. Bass of Texas.  Margaret Augustine, project architect. Biosphere 2 was a privately funded experiment, designed to investigate the way in which humans interact with a small self-sufficient ecological environment, and to look at possibilities for future planetary colonization. The $30 million Biosphere covers 2.5 acres near Tucson, Arizona, and was entirely self- contained. The eight ‘Biospherian’s’ shared their air- and water-tight world with 3,800 species of plant and animal life. The project had problems with oxygen levels and food supply, and has been criticized over its scientific validity. 1989
    USA_SCI_BIOSPH_82_xs.jpg
  • USA_SCI_BIOSPH_77_xs <br />
The Biosphere 2 Project’s twenty-seven foot test module at night with auto lights passing by. Norberto Alvarez-Romo is monitoring the conditions inside while standing outside logged on to the system’s computer. Biosphere 2 was a privately funded experiment, designed to investigate the way in which humans interact with a small self-sufficient ecological environment, and to look at possibilities for future planetary colonization. The $30 million Biosphere covers 2.5 acres near Tucson, Arizona, and was entirely self- contained. The eight ‘Biospherian’s’ shared their air- and water-tight world with 3,800 species of plant and animal life. The project had problems with oxygen levels and food supply, and has been criticized over its scientific validity. 1986
    USA_SCI_BIOSPH_77_xs.jpg
  • USA_SCI_BIOSPH_76_xs <br />
Biosphere 2 Project undertaken by Space Biosphere Ventures, a private ecological research firm funded by Edward P. Bass of Texas.  Tony Burgess, a biologist and consultant to the project, in the Arizona desert with saguaro cacti.  Biosphere 2 was a privately funded experiment, designed to investigate the way in which humans interact with a small self-sufficient ecological environment, and to look at possibilities for future planetary colonization. The $30 million Biosphere covers 2.5 acres near Tucson, Arizona, and was entirely self- contained. The eight ‘Biospherian’s’ shared their air- and water-tight world with 3,800 species of plant and animal life. The project had problems with oxygen levels and food supply, and has been criticized over its scientific validity.1990
    USA_SCI_BIOSPH_76_xs.jpg
  • USA_SCI_BIOSPH_74_xs <br />
Biosphere 2 Project undertaken by Space Biosphere Ventures, a private ecological research firm funded by Edward P. Bass of Texas.  Visitors Evan Menzel and Jack Menzel petting goats inside Biosphere 2 test greenhouse and livestock area.  Biosphere 2 was a privately funded experiment, designed to investigate the way in which humans interact with a small self-sufficient ecological environment, and to look at possibilities for future planetary colonization. The $30 million Biosphere covers 2.5 acres near Tucson, Arizona, and was entirely self- contained. The eight ‘Biospherian’s’ shared their air- and water-tight world with 3,800 species of plant and animal life. The project had problems with oxygen levels and food supply, and has been criticized over its scientific validity. MODEL RELEASED 1991.
    USA_SCI_BIOSPH_74_xs.jpg
  • USA_SCI_BIOSPH_73_xs <br />
Biosphere 2 Project undertaken by Space Biosphere Ventures, a private ecological research firm funded by Edward P. Bass of Texas.  Russian doctor Elena Yakhnina (left) and researcher Allen Haberstock (right).  Biosphere 2 was a privately funded experiment, designed to investigate the way in which humans interact with a small self-sufficient ecological environment, and to look at possibilities for future planetary colonization. The $30 million Biosphere covers 2.5 acres near Tucson, Arizona, and was entirely self- contained. The eight ‘Biospherian’s’ shared their air- and water-tight world with 3,800 species of plant and animal life. The project had problems with oxygen levels and food supply, and has been criticized over its scientific validity.1990
    USA_SCI_BIOSPH_73_xs.jpg
  • USA_SCI_BIOSPH_72_xs <br />
Biosphere 2 Project undertaken by Space Biosphere Ventures, a private ecological research firm funded by Edward P. Bass of Texas.  ‘Biospherian’s Mark Nelson and Jayne Poynter eating lunch inside Biosphere 2 with Roy Walford in background. Biosphere 2 was a privately funded experiment, designed to investigate the way in which humans interact with a small self-sufficient ecological environment, and to look at possibilities for future planetary colonization. The $30 million Biosphere covers 2.5 acres near Tucson, Arizona, and was entirely self- contained. The eight ‘Biospherian’s’ shared their air- and water-tight world with 3,800 species of plant and animal life. The project had problems with oxygen levels and food supply, and has been criticized over its scientific validity. 1990
    USA_SCI_BIOSPH_72_xs.jpg
  • USA_SCI_BIOSPH_67_xs <br />
Biosphere 2 Project undertaken by Space Biosphere Ventures, a private ecological research firm funded by Edward P. Bass of Texas.  Hydroponic vegetable  research for Biosphere 2.  The experiment shown here was not used inside Biosphere 2.  Biosphere 2 was a privately funded experiment, designed to investigate the way in which humans interact with a small self-sufficient ecological environment, and to look at possibilities for future planetary colonization. The $30 million Biosphere covers 2.5 acres near Tucson, Arizona, and was entirely self- contained. The eight ‘Biospherian’s’ shared their air- and water-tight world with 3,800 species of plant and animal life. The project had problems with oxygen levels and food supply, and has been criticized over its scientific validity. 1986
    USA_SCI_BIOSPH_67_xs.jpg
  • USA_SCI_BIOSPH_63_xs <br />
Biosphere 2 Project undertaken by Space Biosphere Ventures, a private ecological research firm funded by Edward P. Bass of Texas.  Biosphere candidate Bernd Zabel and fish culture inside Biosphere 2 test module before the construction of the main Biosphere buidings.  Biosphere 2 was a privately funded experiment, designed to investigate the way in which humans interact with a small self-sufficient ecological environment, and to look at possibilities for future planetary colonization. The $30 million Biosphere covers 2.5 acres near Tucson, Arizona, and was entirely self- contained. The eight ‘Biospherian’s’ shared their air- and water-tight world with 3,800 species of plant and animal life. The project had problems with oxygen levels and food supply, and has been criticized over its scientific validity. 1986
    USA_SCI_BIOSPH_63_xs.jpg
  • USA_SCI_BIOSPH_65_xs <br />
Biosphere 2 Project undertaken by Space Biosphere Ventures, a private ecological research firm funded by Edward P. Bass of Texas.  Tissue culture tubes with the test module in the background.  Biosphere 2 was a privately funded experiment, designed to investigate the way in which humans interact with a small self-sufficient ecological environment, and to look at possibilities for future planetary colonization. The $30 million Biosphere covers 2.5 acres near Tucson, Arizona, and was entirely self- contained. The eight ‘Biospherian’s’ shared their air- and water-tight world with 3,800 species of plant and animal life. The project had problems with oxygen levels and food supply, and has been criticized over its scientific validity. 1986
    USA_SCI_BIOSPH_65_xs.jpg
  • Biosphere 2 Project buildings seen at late afternoon with lightning bolt in the sky. The Biosphere was a privately funded experiment, designed to investigate the way in which humans interact with a small self-sufficient ecological environment, and to look at possibilities for future planetary colonization. This photograph won World Press First Place Science photo in 1991. 1990
    USA_SCI_BIOSPH_60_xs.jpg
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