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  • A human nervous system. Gunther von Hagens' Bodyworlds exhibit. Body Worlds is a traveling exhibit of real, plastinated human bodies and body parts. Von Hagens invented plastination as a way to preserve body tissue and is the creator of the Body Worlds exhibits..
    Bodyworlds_14_120_xs.jpg
  • Catacombs, with millions of human bones removed from Paris graveyards. Paris, France.
    FRA_060_xs.jpg
  • Catacombs, with millions of human bones removed from Paris graveyards. Paris, France.
    FRA_059_xs.jpg
  • Siem Reap, Cambodia. A pile of human skulls marking one of the Killing Fields memorials.
    CAM_12_xs.jpg
  • Human skulls unearthed by a demining crew in Hargeisa, Somaliland. They were found in a mass grave where 200 locals were executed by Siad Barre Government troops in 1988. Hargeisa, Somaliland. Somaliland is the breakaway republic in northern Somalia that declared independence in 1991 after 50,000 died in civil war.March 1992.
    SOM_53_xs.jpg
  • Gunther von Hagens' Bodyworlds exhibit. Body Worlds is a traveling exhibit of real, plastinated human bodies and body parts. Von Hagens invented plastination as a way to preserve body tissue and is the creator of the Body Worlds exhibits.
    Bodyworlds_17_120_xs.jpg
  • "The Chess Player", a piece from Gunther von Hagens' Body Worlds exhibits. Body Worlds is a traveling exhibit of real, plastinated human bodies and body parts. Von Hagens invented plastination as a way to preserve body tissue and is the creator of the Body Worlds exhibits..
    Bodyworlds_07_xs.jpg
  • A rear view through a cross-section of a woman's head at Gunther von Hagens' Bodyworlds exhibit. Body Worlds is a traveling exhibit of real, plastinated human bodies and body parts. Von Hagens invented plastination as a way to preserve body tissue and is the creator of the Body Worlds exhibits..
    Bodyworlds_04_xs.jpg
  • Transparent slices of male body at Gunther von Hagens' Body Worlds exhibit. Body Worlds is a traveling exhibit of real, plastinated human bodies and body parts. Von Hagens invented plastination as a way to preserve body tissue and is the creator of the Body Worlds exhibits. .
    Bodyworlds_08_xs.jpg
  • A one-legged human skeleton left behind in Mogadishu, the war-torn capital of Somalia where 30,000 people were killed between November 1991 and March 1992. March 1992.
    SOM_31_xs.jpg
  • Vigeland Sculpture Park, Oslo, Norway.
    NOR_130525_356.jpg
  • Vigeland Sculpture Park, Oslo, Norway.
    NOR_130525_343.jpg
  • Vigeland Sculpture Park, Oslo, Norway.
    NOR_130525_307.jpg
  • Vigeland Sculpture Park, Oslo, Norway.
    NOR_130525_084.jpg
  • Vigeland Sculpture Park, Oslo, Norway.
    NOR_130525_066.jpg
  • Michelangelo's David, sculpted from 1501 to 1504, in Florence, Italy.
    ITA_16_xs.jpg
  • Sculpture of head L 'Ecoute by Henri de Miller located outside St Eustache church at Les Halles, Paris, France.
    FRA_041_xs.jpg
  • A dead Iraqi soldier surrounded by unexploded landmines in the Manageesh Oil Fields in Kuwait near the Saudi border. Huge amounts of munitions were abandoned in Kuwait by retreating Iraqi troops in February 1991. Also, nearly a million land mines were deployed on the beaches and along the Saudi and Iraqi border. In addition, tens of thousands of unexploded bomblets (from cluster bombs dropped by Allied aircraft) littered the desert. More than 700 wells were set ablaze by retreating Iraqi troops creating the largest man-made environmental disaster in history.
    KUW_080_xs.jpg
  • A dead Iraqi soldier surrounded by unexploded landmines in the Manageesh Oil Fields in Kuwait near the Saudi border. Huge amounts of munitions were abandoned in Kuwait by retreating Iraqi troops in February, 1991. Also, nearly a million land mines were deployed on the beaches and along the Saudi and Iraqi border. In addition, tens of thousands of unexploded bomblets (from cluster bombs dropped by Allied aircraft) littered the desert. More than 700 wells were set ablaze by retreating Iraqi troops creating the largest man-made environmental disaster in history.
    KUW_049_xs.jpg
  • Silver door of the Hindu Rat Temple in Deshnoke, Rajasthan, India. This ornate Hindu temple was constructed by Maharaja Ganga Singh in the early 1900s as a tribute to the rat goddess, Karni Mata. .
    IND_035_xs.jpg
  • The Tiger Balm gardens developed by wealthy businessman Aw Boon Haw. Hong Kong, China.
    CHI_32_xs.jpg
  • Decomposing body in the streets of Mogadishu, war-torn capital of Somalia, where 30,000 died between November 1991 and March 1992.
    SOM_25_xs.jpg
  • Virtual reality: Margaret Minsky works with a force-feedback joystick being developed in the MIT Media Laboratory. The joystick is designed to give its user a physical impression of features in a computer-generated environment. In this demonstration, the user is invited to feel shapes & textures whilst running a cursor over the various images displayed on the screen, and be able to differentiate between them. Model Released (1990)
    USA_SCI_VR_36_xs.jpg
  • Virtual reality: Warren Robinett wears a prototype (1st generation) headset. Virtual environments are generated by computer systems to allow users to interact with in similar ways as they might with a real environment. The computer environments are displayed to their users using sophisticated graphics projected through small video monitors mounted on the headset. In addition, some headsets have a sensor which instructs the computer of the wearer's spatial aspect, that is, in 3-D. This particular model features displays with half-silvered mirrors that allow the user to see the computer image & look ahead. Model Released (1990)
    USA_SCI_VR_14_xs.jpg
  • Amuloke Walelo, a Dani tribeswoman from Soroba village in the Baliem Highlands of central Irian Jaya, Indonesia. Four fingers of her left hand were severed when she was five years old as a tribute to family members who die. Image from the book project Man Eating Bugs: The Art and Science of Eating Insects.
    Ido_meb_123_xs.jpg
  • Vigeland Sculpture Park, Oslo, Norway.
    NOR_130525_337.jpg
  • Vigeland Sculpture Park, Oslo, Norway.
    NOR_130525_087.jpg
  • Vigeland Sculpture Park, Oslo, Norway.
    NOR_130525_072.jpg
  • Vigeland Sculpture Park, Oslo, Norway.
    NOR_130525_069.jpg
  • Virtual reality videogame: Evan Menzel wears a Nintendo Power Glove to interact with the fictional/virtual Super Mario Brothers (Nintendo characters) in the living room of his home in Napa, California. Model Released (1990)
    USA_SCI_VR_44_xs.jpg
  • Virtual reality videogame: Jack Menzel wears a Nintendo Power Glove to interact with the fictional (or virtual) Super Mario Brothers (Nintendo characters) in the living room of his home in Napa, California. Model Released (1990)
    USA_SCI_VR_43_xs.jpg
  • Virtual reality videogame: Evan & Jack Menzel appear to do battle over who is to wear the Nintendo Power Glove to interact with the fictional (or virtual) Super Mario Brothers (Nintendo characters) in the living room of their home in Napa, California. Model Released (1990)
    USA_SCI_VR_41_xs.jpg
  • Virtual sex. Pornographic application of virtual reality, showing a man mauling his virtual conquest provided by his headset and data glove & an unseen computer system. Virtual, in computer parlance, describes equipment or programs that assume one form yet give the illusion of another. Here, the image of the woman is provided by the system through goggles in the head-set; contact is effectively faked by optic-optic sensors in the black, rubber data glove, which relay information on aspect and movement of the man's fingers. Photographed at Autodesk Inc., USA. MODEL RELEASED. (1990)
    USA_SCI_VR_08_xs.jpg
  • Vigeland Sculpture Park, Oslo, Norway.
    NOR_130525_360.jpg
  • A dead Iraqi soldier surrounded by unexploded landmines in the Manageesh Oil Fields in Kuwait near the Saudi border. Huge amounts of munitions were abandoned in Kuwait by retreating Iraqi troops in February, 1991. Also, nearly a million land mines were deployed on the beaches and along the Saudi and Iraqi border. In addition, tens of thousands of unexploded bomblets (from cluster bombs dropped by Allied aircraft) littered the desert. More than 700 wells were set ablaze by retreating Iraqi troops creating the largest man-made environmental disaster in history.
    KUW_050_xs.jpg
  • The disfigured hand of a Dani woman. In Dani culture, the fingers of women are severed from the first knuckle at an early age as a tribute to family members who have died. Amuloke: "My older sister died and my mother cut them (my fingers) off when I was five years old with a sharp stone axe, all of them at once. Now I feel a bit angry with my mother because she cut them. When I see the other fingers complete, I feel bad about it. The cut fingers aren't good for holding. They don't work very well." Soroba, Baliem Valley, Irian Jaya, Indonesia. (Man Eating Bugs page 82)
    IDO_meb_25_cxxs.jpg
  • Art installation at Burning Man. Burning Man is a performance art festival known for art, drugs and sex. It takes place annually in the Black Rock Desert near Gerlach, Nevada, USA.
    USA_BMAN_50_xs.jpg
  • Human Genome Project: Charles R. Cantor and Cassandra Smith, American biologists, photographed in a laboratory at Columbia University, New York, in May 1989. Cantor's area of research is human genetics. With colleagues at Columbia, he has contributed to work on the human genome project, an ambitious plant to construct a complete biochemical document detailing every gene expressed on each of the 23 pairs of human chromosomes. Smith's area of research is human genetics. With colleagues at Columbia, she has contributed to work on the human genome project, an ambitious plant to construct a complete biochemical document detailing every gene expressed on each of the 23 pairs of human chromosomes. MODEL RELEASED.
    USA_SCI_HGP_28_xs.jpg
  • Research on the human genome: laboratory at Columbia University, Lee Hood Lab, New York, showing row of electrophoresis gels used for DNA sequencing experiments on human chromosomes. DNA sequencing involves decoding the base pair sequence of sections of DNA - most usefully, those sections called genes which encode specific proteins. Sequencing and mapping - surveying each of the 23 pairs of human chromosomes to locate genes or other important markers - are two phases in the human genome project. Constructing such a complete genetic map involves a detailed biochemical survey of every gene expressed on all 23 pairs of human chromosomes.
    USA_SCI_HGP_33_xs.jpg
  • Research on the human genome: Caltech scientist Kai Wand loading an electrophoresis gel into a computer-controlled system used for DNA sequencing of human chromosomes. DNA sequencing involves decoding the base pair sequence of sections of DNA encode specific proteins. Sequencing and mapping chromosomes to locate genes or other important markers - are two phases in the human genome project. The human genome is a complete genetic blueprint - a detailed plan of every gene expressed in all 23 pairs of human chromosomes. MODEL RELEASED (1989).
    USA_SCI_HGP_14_xs.jpg
  • MODEL RELEASED. Immunodeficiency research. Dr Don Mosier counts mouse and human cells in a SCID (severe combined immunodeficiency) mouse that he implanted with a human immune system. The device at right is a fluorescence-activated cell sorter. The rare genetic mutation of SCID, found in both mice and humans, destroys the immune system and the body is unable to fight infection. Dr Mosier managed to implant disease-fighting human white blood cells into SCID mice giving them a permanent human immune system. This breakthrough enables researchers at the Scripps Research Institute in California, USA, to study human immune disorders such as SCID, AIDS, leukemia and allergies. MODEL RELEASED.[1995]
    USA_SCI_BIOT_04_xs.jpg
  • Human Genome Project: Dr Jonathan Beckwith, American biologist, examining through a magnifying glass, a Petri dish containing a genetically- engineered colony of the bacteria, Escherichia coli, in his laboratory at Harvard Medical School. As a respected scientist working with genetic engineering technology, Beckwith is concerned about the social & legal implications of human genetic screening, an option that might arise from the successful completion of the human genome project - an ambitious plan to make a complete biochemical survey of every gene expressed on all the 23 pairs of human chromosomes. MODEL RELEASED (1989).
    USA_SCI_HGP_22_xs.jpg
  • Human Genome Project: Dr Jonathan Beckwith, American biologist. As a respected scientist working with genetic engineering technology, Beckwith is concerned about the social & legal implications of human genetic screening, an option that might arise from the successful completion of the human genome project - an ambitious plan to make a complete biochemical survey of every gene expressed on all the 23 pairs of human chromosomes. MODEL RELEASED (1989).
    USA_SCI_HGP_21_xs.jpg
  • Research on the human genome: composite image of an infant and a computer graphics model of the DNA molecule overlaid on a computer enhanced DNA sequencing autoradiogram. DNA sequencing of chromosomes involves decoding the base pair sequence of sections of DNA - most usefully, those sections called genes which encode specific proteins. Sequencing and mapping - surveying each of the 23 pairs of human chromosomes to locate genes or other important markers - are two phases in the human genome project. The construction of such a complete genetic map involves a detailed biochemical survey of every gene expressed on all 23 pairs of human chromosomes.  (1989).
    USA_SCI_HGP_17_xs.jpg
  • Human Genome Project: Columbia University. Charles Cantor, American biologist, photographed in a laboratory at Columbia University, New York, in May 1989. Cantor's area of research is human genetics. With colleagues at Columbia, he has contributed to work on the human genome project, an ambitious plant to construct a complete biochemical document detailing every gene expressed on each of the 23 pairs of human chromosomes. MODEL RELEASED (1989).
    USA_SCI_HGP_10_xs.jpg
  • Research on the human genome: Dr Peter Lichter, of Yale Medical School, using a light microscope to do fine mapping of long DNA fragments on human chromosomes using a technique known as non- radioactive in-situ hybridization. The chromosomes appear in red on the monitor screen, whilst the DNA fragments (called probes) appear yellow/green. Mapping chromosomes may be regarded as a physical survey of each chromosome to find the location of genes or other markers. Mapping & sequencing are the two main phases of the genome project; an ambitious plan to build a complete blueprint of human genetic information..Human Genome Project.
    USA_SCI_HGP_07_xs.jpg
  • Human Genome Project: Dr Jonathan Beckwith, American biologist, examining through a magnifying glass, a Petri dish containing a genetically- engineered colony of the bacteria, Escherichia coli, (not in photo) in his laboratory at Harvard Medical School. As a respected scientist working with genetic engineering technology, Beckwith is concerned about the social & legal implications of human genetic screening, an option that might arise from the successful completion of the human genome project - an ambitious plan to make a complete biochemical survey of every gene expressed on all the 23 pairs of human chromosomes. MODEL RELEASED (1989)
    USA_SCI_HGP_05_xs.jpg
  • Human Genome Project: Columbia University. Charles R. Cantor. Charles Cantor, American biologist, photographed in a laboratory at Columbia University, New York, in May 1989. Cantor's area of research is human genetics. With colleagues at Columbia, he has contributed to work on the human genome project, an ambitious plant to construct a complete biochemical document detailing every gene expressed on each of the 23 pairs of human chromosomes. MODEL RELEASED (1989).
    USA_SCI_HGP_27_xs.jpg
  • Research on the human genome: composite image of an infant and a computer graphics model of the DNA molecule overlaid on a computer enhanced DNA sequencing autoradiogram. DNA sequencing of chromosomes involves decoding the base pair sequence of sections of DNA - most usefully, those sections called genes which encode specific proteins. Sequencing and mapping - surveying each of the 23 pairs of human chromosomes to locate genes or other important markers - are two phases in the human genome project. The construction of such a complete genetic map involves a detailed biochemical survey of every gene expressed on all 23 pairs of human chromosomes. (1989).
    USA_SCI_HGP_16_xs.jpg
  • Research on the human genome: Caltech scientist Leroy Hood preparing an electrophoresis gel used in a computer-controlled system for DNA sequencing of human chromosomes. DNA sequencing involves decoding the base pair sequence of sections of DNA encode specific proteins. Sequencing and mapping chromosomes to locate genes or other important markers - are two phases in the human genome project. The human genome is a complete genetic blueprint - a detailed plan of every gene expressed on all 23 pairs of chromosomes. MODEL RELEASED (1989).
    USA_SCI_HGP_08_xs.jpg
  • Human Genome Project: Columbia University. Charles Cantor, American biologist, photographed in a laboratory at Columbia University, New York, in May 1989. Cantor's area of research is human genetics. With colleagues at Columbia, he has contributed to work on the human genome project, an ambitious plant to construct a complete biochemical document detailing every gene expressed on each of the 23 pairs of human chromosomes. MODEL RELEASED (1989).
    USA_SCI_HGP_09_xs.jpg
  • Fluorescence micrograph of human chromosomes showing the anonymous mapping of cloned fragments of DNA (DNA probes) on chromosome 6. The chromosomes are stained to give red fluorescence, with the DNA probes represented by regions of green/yellow fluorescence. Mapping chromosomes may be regarded as a physical survey of each chromosome to find the location of genes or other markers. Mapping & sequencing (decoding the base-pair sequence of all the DNA in each chromosome) are the two main phases of the human genome project, an ambitious plan to reveal all of the genetic information encoded by every human chromosome. Magnification: x12500 at 35mm size.
    USA_SCI_HGP_34_xs.jpg
  • Fluorescence micrograph of human chromosomes showing the mapping of cloned fragments of DNA (DNA probes) to the long arms of chromosome 11. In this image, the chromosomes are stained to give red fluorescence, with the probes appearing as areas of green/yellow fluorescence on the ends of the chromosomes. Mapping chromosomes may be regarded as a physical survey of each chromosome to find the location of genes or other markers. Mapping & sequencing (decoding the base-pair sequence of all the DNA in each chromosome) are the two main phases of the human genome project, an ambitious plan to reveal all of the genetic information encoded by every human chromosome.
    USA_SCI_HGP_19_xs.jpg
  • Montage of a fluorescence micrograph of human chromosomes showing the mapping of cloned fragments of DNA (DNA probes), overlaid with the silhouette of an infant & a computer graphics model of the DNA molecule. The chromosomes are stained to give red fluorescence; with the DNA probes represented as small regions of green/yellow fluorescence. Mapping chromosomes may be regarded as a physical survey of each chromosome to find the location of genes or other markers. DNA mapping is one phase of the human genome project, an ambitious plan to reveal all of the genetic information encoded by every human chromosome.
    USA_SCI_HGP_18_xs.jpg
  • MODEL RELEASED. Immunodeficiency research. Dr. Don Mosier with a computer display showing a SCID (severe combined immunodeficiency) mouse that he has implanted with a human immune system. This research may help to understand syndromes such as AIDS and SCID. The rare genetic mutation of SCID, found in mice and humans, destroys the immune system and the body is unable to fight infection. Dr Mosier managed to implant disease-fighting human white blood cells into SCID mice giving them a permanent human immune system. This breakthrough enables researchers at the Scripps Research Institute in California, USA, to study human immune disorders such as AIDS, leukemia and allergies. MODEL RELEASED.[1995]
    USA_SCI_BIOT_03_xs.jpg
  • Walter Gilbert, Harvard University Nobel laureate scientist, appears next to a computer graphics representation of the DNA molecule in this double- exposure photograph. Gilbert is a leading proponent of the human genome project, an ambitious plan to build a complete, detailed biochemical document of every gene expressed on each of the 23 pairs of human chromosomes. MODEL RELEASED May 1989..Human Genome Project.
    USA_SCI_HGP_04_xs.jpg
  • Human Genome Project: Portrait of Leroy Hood, Caltech scientist. Leroy Hood is an American biologist. He won the 2003 Lemelson-MIT Prize for inventing "four instruments that have unlocked much of the mystery of human biology" by helping decode the genome. Hood also won the 2002 Kyoto Prize for Advanced Technology, and the 1987 Albert Lasker Award for Basic Medical Research. His inventions include the automated DNA sequencer, a device to create proteins and an automated tool for synthesizing DNA. Hood co-founded the Institute for Systems Biology. MODEL RELEASED (1989).
    USA_SCI_HGP_25_xs.jpg
  • Cryonics: Art Quaif (seated at computer) and a colleague at Trans Time Inc., a cryonics company in Oakland, California. In the stainless steel vats full of liquid nitrogen are dead human bodies. Cryonics is a speculative life support technology that seeks to preserve human life in a state that will be viable and treatable by future medicine. Cryonics involves the freezing of whole human bodies, organs or pet cats & dogs, and their preservation in liquid nitrogen to await a future thaw. Cryonicists claim that medical science in the future may offer a cure for cancer or the restoration of youth, and that their methods of preservation might offer some people an opportunity to benefit from these advances. Conventional cryobiology methods for freezing organs (for organ transplants, for example) are plagued by problems of intracellular ice crystal formation, which destroys their component cells. MODEL RELEASED 1987..
    USA_SCI_CRY_05_xs.jpg
  • Students in the laboratory of Professor Fumio Hara and Hiroshi Kobayashi at Science University of Tokyo work on their various robot projects, including the labs' first generation face robot. This three-dimensional human-like animated pneumatic face robot can recognize human facial expressions as well as produce realistic facial expressions in real time. The animated face robot, covered in latex "skin" is equipped with a CCD camera in the left eye and is able to collect facial image data that is used for on-line recognition of human facial expressions.
    Japan_Jap_rs_263_xs.jpg
  • Scientist works in a darkroom; preparing to photograph an agarose electrophoresis gel used in mapping DNA extracted from chromosomes of the bacteria Escherichia coli. DNA mapping refers to a physical survey of each of an organism's chromosomes in an attempt to locate genes or other landmarks. Mapping and sequencing (decoding the DNA base-pair sequences of chromosomes) are the two phases of the human genome project, an ambitious plan to reveal all of the information encoded in the 23 pairs of human chromosomes.  Dr Jonathan Beckwith's laboratory at Harvard, USA, May 1989.
    USA_SCI_HGP_13_xs.jpg
  • Research on the human genome: Leroy Hood at CalTech with a Programmable Autonomously Controlled Electrode (PACE), which was developed in the CalTech lab. Pasadena, California. MODEL RELEASED (1989).Human Genome Project.
    USA_SCI_HGP_12_xs.jpg
  • Human Genome Project: .Human Genome research scientist Kai Wand with PACE (Programmable controlled electrophoresis system) in his California Technical Institute Lab, USA. (1989).
    USA_SCI_HGP_11_xs.jpg
  • Failure Analysis Associates, Inc. (an engineering and scientific consulting firm now called Exponent). Menlo Park, California. Human thermal plume, Schlieren image. The human body heats air to form a rising plume. This is revealed by Schlieren photography, a way of viewing density changes in transparent materials. These changes (here caused by heat and convection turbulence) cause light passing through the air to bend (refract). The imaging method alters the color or brightness of this refracted light. The detection of chemicals in the human thermal plume may help detect terrorist explosives and diagnose diseases.
    USA_FLAN_08_xs.jpg
  • Professor Fumio Hara of the Hara and Kobayashi Lab at Science University of Tokyo with his lab's first-generation robot head, without its skin. This three-dimensional human-like animated pneumatic face robot can recognize human facial expressions as well as produce realistic facial expressions in real time. The animated face robot, covered in latex "skin" is equipped with a CCD camera in the left eye and is able to collect facial image data that is used for on-line recognition of human facial expressions. (Draped in white veil by photographer.)
    Japan_Jap_rs_199_xs.jpg
  • Kismet is a complex autonomous robot developed by Dr. Cynthia Breazeal, at the time of this image a doctoral studies student at the MIT Artificial Intelligence Lab under the direction of Rod Brooks. Breazeal's immediate goal for Kismet is to replicate and possibly recognize human emotional states as exhibited in facial expressions. Breazeal has located the most important variables in human facial expressions and has mechanically transferred these points of expression to a robotic face. Kismet's eyelids, eyebrows, ears, mouth, and lips are all able to move independently to generate different expressions of emotional states.
    Usa_rs_711_xs.jpg
  • Working around the clock without significant human input, industrial welding robots like these Swedish-made IRB 6400's build Sierra pickup truck bodies in the General Motors Truck and Coach Plant in East Pontiac, Michigan. In the plant's body shop, 300-odd robots work to produce 73 truck bodies an hour. Working with uncanny speed and surprising quiet, robots are increasingly moving human workers from exhausting, dangerous, and repetitive tasks to more intellectually rewarding jobs. From the book Robo sapiens: Evolution of a New Species, page 190-191.
    USA_rs_484_qxxs.jpg
  • Circular computer scanner used to read sections of DNA sequencing autoradiograms for subsequent computer analysis, part of the human genome project studies at Cal Tech, Lee Hood Lab, USA. The term genome describes the full set of genes expressed by an organism's chromosomes. A gene is a section of DNA that instructs a cell to make a specific protein. The task of constructing such a complete blueprint of genetic information for humans is divided into two main phases: mapping genes and other markers on chromosomes, and decoding the DNA sequences of genes on all the chromosomes. Numerous laboratories worldwide are engaged on various aspects of genome research.
    USA_SCI_HGP_29_xs.jpg
  • Harvard scientist Walter Gilbert studying a DNA sequencing autoradiogram, made in the course of research associated with the human genome project. The term genome describes the full set of genes expressed by an organism's chromosomes. A gene is a section of DNA that instructs a cell to make a specific protein. The task of constructing such a complete blueprint of genetic information for humans is divided into two main phases: mapping genes and other markers on chromosomes, and decoding the DNA sequences of genes on all the chromosomes. Numerous laboratories worldwide are engaged on various aspects of genome research. MODEL RELEASED.
    USA_SCI_HGP_26_xs.jpg
  • Conical flask containing a swirling vortex of liquid; one item of equipment used in Charles Cantor's laboratory at Columbia University, New York, in research on the human genome project. Colored radiograms used in DNA sequencing are visible in background to the left of the flask. The term "genome" describes the full set of genes expressed by an organism's chromosomes. The task of constructing such a complete blueprint of genetic information for humans is divided into two main phases: mapping genes and other markers on chromosomes, and decoding the DNA sequences of genes on all the chromosomes.
    USA_SCI_HGP_20_xs.jpg
  • Circular computer scanner used to read sections of DNA sequencing autoradiograms for subsequent computer analysis, part of the human genome project studies at Cal Tech, Lee Hood Lab, USA. The term genome describes the full set of genes expressed by an organism's chromosomes. A gene is a section of DNA that instructs a cell to make a specific protein. The task of constructing such a complete blueprint of genetic information for humans is divided into two main phases: mapping genes and other markers on chromosomes, and decoding the DNA sequences of genes on all the chromosomes. Numerous laboratories worldwide are engaged on various aspects of genome research.
    USA_SCI_HGP_30_xs.jpg
  • A work in progress, this still-unnamed face robot can open its eyes and smile. In the future, says its designer, Hidetoshi Akasawa, a mechanical engineering student working on a master's at the Science University of Tokyo, Japan,  it will be able to recognize and react to human facial expressions. This third-generation robot will greet smiles with smiles, frowns with frowns, mixing and matching six basic emotions in a real-time interaction that Hara calls "active human interface." From the book Robo sapiens: Evolution of a New Species, page 72.
    Japan_JAP_rs_262_qxxs.jpg
  • USA_SCI_PHAR_01_xs .Pherin Pharmaceutical in Mountain View, California. Dr. C Jennings-White, Vice-President. Chemical research in lab with test compounds. MODEL RELEASED (2002).Pherin Pharmaceutical produces a family of pharmaceutical compounds called vomeropherins. These compounds are delivered to the vomeronasal organ (VNO) that in turn affects the hypothalamus and the limbic system. The human VNO is linked to the hypothalamus and limbic areas, which enables Pherin to develop therapeutic drugs targeted against a variety of medical conditions associated with these brain regions such as mood disorders, neuro-endocrine function, body weight management, body temperature, sexual motivation, water and salt balance, blood pressure, and sugar and fat metabolism. .The vomeronasal organ (VNO) or Jacobson's organ is an auxiliary olfactory sense organ in some tetrapods. In adults, it is located in the vomer bone, between the nose and the mouth. Anatomical studies demonstrate that in humans the vomeronasal organ regresses during fetal development, as is the case with some other mammals, including other apes, cetaceans, and some bats. There is no evidence of a neural connection between the organ and the brain in adult humans. Nevertheless, a small pit can be found in the nasal septum of some people, and some researchers have argued that this pit represents a functional vomeronasal organ. Thus, its possible presence in humans remains controversial.
    USA_SCI_PHAR_01_xs.jpg
  • Computer graphics space-filling representation of a section of a DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) molecule, the genetic material of most living organisms. The double helix of DNA may be regarded as a twisted ladder, the rungs of which are complementary pairs of organic bases: adenine pairs with thymine, cytosine with guanine. It is a precise sequence of DNA bases (a gene), which instructs cells to make a specific amino acid, chains of which form proteins. DNA is the major component of the chromosomes within a cell's nucleus and, through its control of protein synthesis, plays a central role in determining inherited characteristics. DNA computer model in Walter Gilbert's Lab..Human Genome Project.
    USA_SCI_HGP_31_xs.jpg
  • Human Genome Project: Cal Tech, Lee Hood Lab. Computer monitor showing DNA Sequencing Gels: Computer Assisted.  (1989)
    USA_SCI_HGP_15_xs.jpg
  • Cryonics experiment on a hamster conducted in a garage laboratory in Berkeley, California, by Paul Segall (left) and Sternberg. Cryonics is a speculative life support technology that seeks to preserve human life in a state that will be viable and treatable by future medicine. Cryonics involves the freezing of whole human bodies, organs or pet cats & dogs, and their preservation in liquid nitrogen to await a future thaw. MODEL RELEASED 1988..
    USA_SCI_CRY_16_xs.jpg
  • USA_SCI_CRY_08_xs .Cryonics: Dr Avi Ben-Abraham, of Trans Time Inc., a cryonics company of Oakland, California. Cryonics is a speculative life support technology that seeks to preserve human life in a state that will be viable and treatable by future medicine. Cryonics involves freezing whole human bodies, organs or pet cats & dogs, in liquid nitrogen (tank in background) to await a future thaw. Cryonicists claim that medical science in the future may offer a cure for cancer or the restoration of youth, and that their methods of preservation might offer some people an opportunity to benefit from these advances. Conventional cryobiology methods for freezing organs (for organ transplants, for example) are plagued by problems of intracellular ice crystal formation, which destroys their component cells. Dr. Ben Abraham is reading ?the Prospect of Immortality? and is wearing a bracelet that identifies him as a cryonic patient should he be found dead. MODEL RELEASED 1987.
    USA_SCI_CRY_08_xs.jpg
  • Walking robot. Blur-flash image of Pinky, a walking robot prototype, being physically supported by researcher Dan Paluska at the Leg Lab. at MIT (Massachusetts Institute of Technology). Pinky is a next generation walking robot that, unlike previous generations, can walk untethered and unsupported at normal human pace. Pinky was built to help understand the dynamics of the human stride. Photographed in Cambridge, USA
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  • Exemplifying the attempts by Japanese researchers to put a friendly face on their robots, DB's creators are teaching it the Kacha-shi, an Okinawan folk dance. Unlike most robots, DB did not acquire the dance by being programmed. Instead, it observed human dancers?project researchers, actually, and repeatedly attempted to mimic their behavior until it was successful. Project member Stefan Schaal, a neurophysicist at the University of Southern California (in red shirt), believes that by means of this learning process robots will ultimately develop a more flexible intelligence. It will also lead, he hopes, to a better understanding of the human brain. The DB project is funded by the Exploratory Research for Advanced Technology (ERATO) Humanoid Project and led by independent researcher Mitsuo Kawato. Based at a research facility 30 miles outside of Kyoto, Japan. From the book Robo sapiens: Evolution of a New Species, page 51.
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  • By creating a simulacrum of the human eye, the DB project leader and biophysicist Mitsuo Kawato hopes to learn more about human vision. The DB project is funded by the Exploratory Research for Advanced Technology (ERATO) Humanoid Project and led by independent researcher Mitsuo Kawato. Based at a research facility 30 miles outside of Kyoto, Japan. From the book Robo sapiens: Evolution of a New Species, page 55.
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  • Across the Ganges River from the cremation ghats in Varanasi, India, human remains wash up on the sandy shore. A human skull.
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  • Human Genome Project: Cal Tech, Lee Hood Lab. Reading DNA Sequencing Gels: Computer Assisted.  1989.
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  • Los Alamos National Lab, New Mexico. Research in the flow cytometry lab - sorting chromosomes for DNA Library. The counting of cells is called cytometry. Flow cytometry characterizes single cells as they pass at high speed through a laser beam. Speeds of up to 50,000 cells a second can be measured. The scattering of the laser beam provides a way to identify the cells. Many other characteristics, such as shape and surface texture can also be measured. The cells are then sorted as electrically charged droplets. This also purifies the samples. (1989).Human Genome Project.
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  • James Dewey Watson (born 1928), American biochemist and co- discoverer of the structure of DNA. Watson graduated from Chicago University & obtained a PhD in 1950. He abandoned plans to become an ornithologist to work on problems in biochemistry & genetics. In 1951 he went to Cambridge, to work with Francis Crick on solving the problem of the structure of DNA. In 1953 they proposed a double helix structure for DNA, which earned them (with Maurice Wilkins) the 1962 Nobel Prize in Medicine. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, New York, where Watson was director at the time of this photograph. MODEL RELEASED 1989..Human Genome Project..ADVERTISING/COMMERCIAL USE REQUIRES CLEARANCE.
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  • Cryonics experiment on a hamster conducted in a garage laboratory in Berkeley, California. Cryonics is a speculative life support technology that seeks to preserve human life in a state that will be viable and treatable by future medicine. Cryonics involves the freezing of whole human bodies, organs or pet cats & dogs, and their preservation in liquid nitrogen to await a future thaw.  1988.
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  • Experimental cryonics: Paul Segall in his garage laboratory in Berkeley, California, with his family and Miles, a beagle. Segall replaced Miles' blood with a substitute before cooling him to 37.4 degrees & disconnecting a heart lung machine. After 15 minutes, during which Miles' pulse, breathing & circulation had ceased, the dog was warmed, its blood returned & Miles was restored to health.  Human cryonics clients are frozen & preserved in liquid nitrogen to await the advances in medical science that a future thaw might bring about. However, conventional cryobiology methods for freezing organs are plagued by problems of intracellular ice formation, which destroys cells. Cryonics is a speculative life support technology that seeks to preserve human life in a state that will be viable and treatable by future medicine. MODEL RELEASED 1987..
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  • Cryonics: Dr Avi Ben-Abraham, of Trans Time Inc., a cryonics company of Oakland, California. Cryonics is a speculative life support technology that seeks to preserve human life in a state that will be viable and treatable by future medicine. Cryonics involves the freezing of whole human bodies, organs or pet cats & dogs, and their preservation in liquid nitrogen (background) to await a future thaw. Cryonicists claim that medical science in the future may offer a cure for cancer or the restoration of youth, and that their methods of preservation might offer some people an opportunity to benefit from these advances. Conventional cryobiology methods for freezing organs (for organ transplants, for example) are plagued by problems of intracellular ice crystal formation, which destroys their component cells. Dr. Ben Abraham wears a bracelet that identifies him as a cryonic patient should he be found dead. MODEL RELEASED 1987..
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  • Cryonics: Dr Avi Ben-Abraham, of Trans Time Inc., a cryonics company of Oakland, California. Cryonics is a speculative life support technology that seeks to preserve human life in a state that will be viable and treatable by future medicine. Cryonics involves the freezing of whole human bodies, organs or pet cats & dogs, and their preservation in liquid nitrogen (background) to await a future thaw. Cryonicists claim that medical science in the future may offer a cure for cancer or the restoration of youth, and that their methods of preservation might offer some people an opportunity to benefit from these advances. Conventional cryobiology methods for freezing organs (for organ transplants, for example) are plagued by problems of intracellular ice crystal formation, which destroys their component cells. Dr. Ben Abraham wears a bracelet that identifies him as a cryonic patient should he be found dead. MODEL RELEASED 1987.
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  • The modest premises of Trans Time Inc., a cryonics company in Oakland, California. Cryonics is a speculative life support technology that seeks to preserve human life in a state that will be viable and treatable by future medicine. Cryonics involves the freezing of whole human bodies, organs or pet cats & dogs, to await a future thaw & a potential second opportunity to live. A recently dead body would be frozen in stages, firstly down to -110 degrees Fahrenheit (using dry ice) and then down to -320 F (in liquid nitrogen). During this process, blood is replaced with a substitute mixed with glycerol, to prevent formation of ice crystals. Intracellular ice formation causes severe damage to organs & tissues, and is a major obstacle in the mainstream development of cryobiology science. MODEL RELEASED 1988.
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  • Cryonics experiments: laboratory re-agent bottles used by Paul Segall, of Berkeley, California, in his cryonics experiments that involved freezing animals after replacing their blood with a blood substitute solution, and then bringing them back to life. Cryonics is a speculative life support technology that seeks to preserve human life in a state that will be viable and treatable by future medicine. Cryonics involves the freezing of whole human bodies, organs, or pet cats & dogs, and their preservation in liquid nitrogen to await a future thaw. Cryonicists claim that medical science in the future may offer a cure for cancer or the restoration of youth, and that their methods of preservation might offer some people an opportunity to benefit from these advances. Conventional cryobiology methods for freezing organs (for organ transplants, for example) are plagued by problems of intracellular ice crystal formation, which destroys organs.  1988..
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  • Kismet is a complex autonomous, stationary robot developed by Dr. Cynthia Breazeal, at the time of this image a doctoral studies student at the MIT Artificial Intelligence Lab under the direction of Rod Brooks. Breazeal's immediate goal for Kismet is to replicate and possibly recognize human emotional states as exhibited in facial expressions. Kismet's eyelids, eyebrows, ears, mouth, and lips are all able to move independently to generate different expressions of emotional states. In this photograph, Cynthia poses with Kismet and "King Louie", a toy often used to stimulate the robot.
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  • Roboticist Rodney Brooks of the MIT Artificial Intelligence Laboratory shares a slinky moment with his creation, Cog (short for cognitive), the robot he has been developing since 1993. Brooks is less concerned with making it mobile than with creating a system that will let the robot reliably tell the difference between static and social objects; for instance a rock and a person. In the resolution of such apparently simple distinctions, Brooks suggests, is a key to understanding at least one type of human learning. Cambridge, MA. From the book Robo sapiens: Evolution of a New Species, page 62-63.
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  • In a years-long quest, students at Waseda University in Tokyo, Japan are constantly tweaking the programming of WABIAN R-II in the hope of making the heavy, two-meter-tall machine walk as easily as a human being. WABIAN sways from side to side as it walks, but its builders are not discouraged by its imperfections: walking in a straight line, which humans can do without thinking, in fact requires coordinated movements of such fantastic complexity that researchers are pleased if their creations can walk at all. Indeed, researchers built the robot partly to help themselves understand the physics of locomotion. It took decades of work to bring WABIAN to its present state: its first ancestor was built in 1972. From the book Robo sapiens: Evolution of a New Species, page 14.
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  • Musing over the possible hierarchy of humans and humanoids, Takeo Kanade, the director of the Robotics Institute at Carnegie Mellon University in Pittsburgh, PA and an expert in vision systems, posits, "We are facing the fact that we may not be, any longer, the single entity that does a better job in all aspects. How we as human beings will react to it, I don't know. But we are surpassed by many artificial things already. We don't mind that we have turned computing numbers over to machines; humans are not afraid of that at all." From the book Robo sapiens: Evolution of a New Species, page 23.
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  • Wielding a paint brush, a robot touches up its human master in this photo-illustration at the SARCOS robot company in Salt Lake City, UT. From the book Robo sapiens: Evolution of a New Species, page 20-21.
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  • Pino, short for Pinocchio (after the fabled wooden puppet that becomes a human boy), is a full-bodied, child-sized, humanoid robot. Even before it demonstrates the ability of a wide range of bipedal movements it already has a national following in Japan after the release of a music video called "Can You Keep a Secret" in which the robot stars alongside one of Japan's most popular recording artists, Hikaru Utada. It has elevated Tatsuya Matsui, the artist who created the robot design, to celebrity status. The robot project is part of a large ERATO grant from the Japan Science and Technology Corporation, a branch of the Science and Technology Agency of the Japanese government. Project creator Hiraoki Kitano believes that the aesthetics of a robot are important in order for it to be accepted by humans into their living space. At the Kitano Symbiotic Systems, Tokyo, Japan.
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  • Fans invited off a street in Tokyo's Harajuku area to meet Pino pose with the popular robot. Pino, short for Pinocchio (after the fabled wooden puppet that becomes a human boy), is a full-bodied, child-sized, humanoid robot. Even before it demonstrates the ability of a wide range of bipedal movements it already has a national following in Japan after the release of a music video called "Can You Keep a Secret" in which the robot stars alongside one of Japan's most popular recording artists, Hikaru Utada. It has elevated Tatsuya Matsui, the artist who created the robot design, to celebrity status and provoked murmurs of dissent by some in the robotics community who see the robot as a commercial entity rather than a serious research project. Interestingly, the robot project is part of a large ERATO grant from the Japan Science and Technology Corporation, a branch of the Science and Technology Agency of the Japanese government. Project creator Hiraoki Kitano  believes that the aesthetics of a robot are important in order for it to be accepted by humans into their living space. At the Kitano Symbiotic Systems, Tokyo, Japan.
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  • A work in progress, this still-unnamed face robot can open its eyes and smile. In the future, says its designer, Hidetoshi Akasawa, a mechanical engineering student working on a master's at the Science University of Tokyo, Japan,  it will be able to recognize and react to human facial expressions. This third-generation robot will greet smiles with smiles, frowns with frowns, mixing and matching six basic emotions in a real-time interaction that Hara calls "active human interface."
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  • Looking at Cog's still unfinished head, MIT neuroscientist Brian Scassellati ponders where he should mount the microphones that will enable the robot to hear. As important as controlling how the robot responds to people, he believes, is having some control over how people respond to the robot. The project does not have the resources to create a mock human being. MIT, Cambridge, MA. From the book Robo sapiens: Evolution of a New Species, page 65.
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  • In 1980, Marc Raibert established the MIT Leg Lab, home to the first robots that dynamically mimic human walking; swinging like an inverted pendulum from step to step. Famously, Raibert even built a robot that could flip itself in an aerial somersault and land on its feet. In 1993, he left the field to found Boston Dynamics Inc., in Cambridge, MA, which translates his discoveries about humans and animals in motion, into animation. From the book Robo sapiens: Evolution of a New Species, page 142-143.
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  • Leaning back in his chair, graduate student Jerry Pratt controls Spring Flamingo, a walking robot at the MIT Leg Lab in Cambridge, MA. A branch of MIT's renowned Artificial Intelligence Lab, the Leg Lab is home to researchers whose subjects run the gamut from improved artificial legs to robots that help scientists understand the complex dynamics of the human stride. Tethered to a slightly counterweighted boom that rotates around a pivot, the robot always walks in a circle in the lab.From the book Robo sapiens: Evolution of a New Species, page 8-9..
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