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  • Proton decay experiment to determine the ultimate stability of matter..The tubular iron detector of the Kolar proton decay experiment, 6,000 feet underground in a gold mine in India. The experiment consists of 150 tons of iron tube arranged in a cubic layout. Each tube is converted to act like a large Geiger counter, and is designed to detect the products from the decay of a proton. The half-life of the proton is estimated at 10 to the power 34 years, so the experiment has to contain as many protons as possible for the probability of an event occurring to be realistic.   India. (1985)
    IND_SCI_PHY_04_xs.jpg
  • Proton decay experiment to determine the ultimate stability of matter..View of the entrance of Tokyo University's Proton Decay Experiment. 1,000 50-centimeter photomultiplier tubes line the 12-meter deep tank of water form the experiment. The water contains enough protons to provide an average of one decay event per year, an event that may be detected by these tubes as the particles from the decay cause a visible light phenomenon known as Cerenkov radiation. The experiment is taking place 914 meters underground in a zinc mine below Mt. Ikenoyama to minimize the effects of cosmic rays. Japan. (1985).
    Japan_JAP_SCI_PHY_04_xs.jpg
  • Proton decay experiment to determine the ultimate stability of matter..Entrance of the gold mine at Kolar, site of India's proton decay experiment. The experiment consists of 150 tons of iron tube arranged in a cubic layout 6000 feet (1828 meters) below ground. Each tube is converted to act like a large Geiger counter, and is designed to detect the products from the decay of a proton. The half- life of the proton is estimated at 10 to the power 34 years, so the experiment has to contain as many protons as possible for the probability of an event occurring to be realistic. India. (1985)
    IND_SCI_PHY_05_xs.jpg
  • Proton decay experiment to determine the ultimate stability of matter..Mine workers passing the entrance to the Kolar proton decay experiment, 6,000 feet underground in a gold mine in India. The experiment consists of 150 tons of iron tube arranged in a cubic layout. Each tube is converted to act like a large Geiger counter, and is designed to detect the products from the decay of a proton. The half-life of the proton is estimated at 10 to the power 34 years, so the experiment has to contain as many protons as possible for the probability of an event occurring to be realistic. India. (1985)
    IND_SCI_PHY_03_xs.jpg
  • Proton decay experiment to determine the ultimate stability of matter. Dr. Narasimham. Gold mine at Kolar, site of India's proton decay experiment. The experiment consists of 150 tons of iron tube arranged in a cubic layout 6000 feet (1828 meters) below ground. Each tube is converted to act like a large Geiger counter, and is designed to detect the products from the decay of a proton. The half- life of the proton is estimated at 10 to the power 34 years, so the experiment has to contain as many protons as possible for the probability of an event occurring to be realistic. India. MODEL RELEASED (1985)
    IND_SCI_PHY_01_xs.jpg
  • Proton decay experiment to determine the ultimate stability of matter. Dr. Masatoshi Koshiba, director of Tokyo University's Proton Decay Experiment. Dr. Koshiba is seen holding one of the 1,000 50 centimeter photomultiplier tubes that line the 12-meter deep tank of water that forms the experiment. The water contains enough protons to provide an average of one decay event per year, an event that may be detected by these tubes as the particles from the decay cause a visible light phenomenon known as Cerenkov radiation. The experiment is taking place 914 meters underground in a zinc mine below Mt. Ikenoyama to minimize the effects of cosmic rays..Japan. MODEL RELEASED (1985)
    Japan_JAP_SCI_PHY_03_xs.jpg
  • Proton decay experiment to determine the ultimate stability of matter. Dr. Narasimham. Gold mine at Kolar, site of India's proton decay experiment. The experiment consists of 150 tons of iron tube arranged in a cubic layout 6000 feet (1828 meters) below ground. Each tube is converted to act like a large Geiger counter, and is designed to detect the products from the decay of a proton. The half- life of the proton is estimated at 10 to the power 34 years, so the experiment has to contain as many protons as possible for the probability of an event occurring to be realistic.  India. MODEL RELEASED (1985)
    IND_SCI_PHY_02_xs.jpg
  • Proton decay experiment to determine the ultimate stability of matter. .Dr. Oscar Saavedra outside the door to the tunnel experiment with traffic streaming by. Oscar Saavedra, experimenter in the Mont Blanc Proton Decay group. The experiment consists of a 150-ton cube of iron sheets, interleaved with Geiger counter tubes. The cube has to be large enough to provide a mass of protons that will bring the probability of a decay event occurring within practical bounds, made difficult by the half life of the proton being 10 to the power 34 years.  (1985).
    FRA_SCI_PHY_01_xs.jpg
  • Proton decay experiment to determine the ultimate stability of matter. View of the entrance to the French side of the Mont Blanc tunnel, inside which is located the NUSEX proton decay experiment. The tunnel runs between France & Italy under Mont Blanc. NUSEX is located several kilometers inside the tunnel, on the French side of the border, in one of the garage areas dug out of the rock at regular intervals along the tunnel. .View of the NUSEX (Nucleon Stability Experiment) proton decay detector located in a garage area off the Mont Blanc tunnel under some 5000 meters of rock which shields it from most cosmic radiation. (1985)
    FRA_SCI_PHY_04_xs.jpg
  • Proton decay experiment to determine the ultimate stability of matter. A technician checking Perspex plates at the IMB Proton Decay Experiment site. The IMB Project is named after the sponsoring institutions, University of California at Irvine, University of Michigan and the Brookhaven National Laboratory. The experiment consists of a 60-foot deep tank filled with 8,000 tons of purified water, dug into the Morton-Thiokol salt mine at Painesville, Ohio, some 2,000 feet underground. The proton decay event will be detected by an array of 2,048 photomultipliers that line the tank. Proton decay is essential in most Grand Unified Theories of the fundamental forces, but to date no firm evidence of the decay has been found.
    USA_SCI_PHY_34_xs.jpg
  • Proton decay experiment to determine the ultimate stability of matter..The iron stack, which forms the proton decay experiment at Frejus, France. The stack consists of iron bars interspersed with Geiger tubes, and is designed to provide enough protons to bring the probability of observing a decay event into realistic proportions, made difficult by the half- life of the proton being ten to the power 34 years. (1985)
    FRA_SCI_PHY_03_xs.jpg
  • Proton decay experiment to determine the ultimate stability of matter. View of the NUSEX (Nucleon Stability Experiment) proton decay detector located in a garage area off the Mont Blanc tunnel under some 5000 meters of rock which shields it from most cosmic radiation. (1985)
    FRA_SCI_PHY_02_xs.jpg
  • Proton decay experiment to determine the ultimate stability of matter..Proton decay. A technician [works with] a 20" (50cm) photomultiplier tube used in the search for proton decay. Hundreds of such tubes line a tank containing 9000 tons of water some 1000 meters underground in a zinc mine in Japan. Tokyo University's Kamiokande experiment was designed to look for decaying protons. If a proton decays, the charged particles it generates move through the water faster than light, and so generate blue 'Cerenkov' radiation. It is this that the photomultipliers detect. Computers then decide whether the event was a decay, or a collision with a solar neutrino. Japan. (1985)
    Japan_JAP_SCI_PHY_02_xs.jpg
  • Physics: Geneva, Switzerland/CERN: L-3 Experiment. Russian scientist Yuri Kamishkou seen with the Hadron Calorimeter. CERN is the European centre for particle physics near Geneva. L3 is one of 4 giant particle detectors at the LEP Collider. The L-3 experiment is part of CERN's Large Electron- Positron Collider (LEP), inaugurated on 13 November 1989. LEP collides electrons & positrons accelerated to an energy of 50 GeV in a circular tunnel 100m underground & 27km in circumference. L3 is a cylindrical assembly of many types of apparatus - hadron & electromagnetic calorimeters, drift chambers, & a time projection chamber - which fit together like layers of an onion around the point where the particles collide. L3 is a collaboration of 460 physicists from institutions in 13 countries. MODEL RELEASED [1988]
    SWI_SCI_PHY_04_xs.jpg
  • Proton decay experiment to determine the ultimate stability of matter. .Proton decay. A technician holding a 20" (50cm) photomultiplier tube used in the search for proton decay. Hundreds of such tubes line a tank containing 9000 tons of water some 1000 meters underground in a zinc mine in Japan. Japan. (1985)
    Japan_JAP_SCI_PHY_01_xs.jpg
  • Above ground view of underground storage of radioactive wastes for the Waste Isolation Pilot Project (WIPP), 700 meters below ground. WIPP is a research project to determine the suitability of the local salt rocks as a storage site for highly- radioactive transuranic waste from nuclear power stations. Such waste materials may have radioactive half-lives of thousands of years, and so must be isolated in a geologically stable environment. On the left is an experiment testing the design of containers carrying vitrified waste. The mine is located near Carlsbad, New Mexico, USA. (1998)
    USA_SCI_NUKE_15_xs.jpg
  • Physics: Patrice Lebrun works on the detector for the L-3 experiment at CERN, which uses a Bismuth Germanium Oxide (BGO) Crystal. BGO (formula Bi4 Ge3 O12) is used to detect electrons and photons generated by electron- positron collisions in the LEP Collider ring. When an electron or photon enters the crystal, its energy is converted into light. The light is channeled by the crystal to photodiodes, producing an electronic signal. 11, 000 crystals, totaling 12 tons in weight, are used in the detector, measuring the energy and position of the incoming particles at very high resolution. The LEP and L- 3 detector were inaugurated on 13 November 1989. Geneva, Switzerland..CERN is the European centre for particle physics near Geneva. L3 is one of 4 giant particle detectors at the LEP Collider. LEP collides electrons & positrons accelerated to an energy of 50 GeV in a circular tunnel 100m underground & 27km in circumference. L3 is a cylindrical assembly of many types of apparatus - hadron & electromagnetic calorimeters, drift chambers, & a time projection chamber - which fit together like layers of an onion around the point where the particles collide. L3 is a collaboration of 460 physicists from institutions in 13 countries. MODEL RELEASED [1988]
    SWI_SCI_PHY_07_xs.jpg
  • Road to underground storage of radioactive wastes for the Waste Isolation Pilot Project (WIPP), 700 meters below ground (salt pond in foreground). WIPP is a research project to determine the suitability of the local salt rocks as a storage site for highly- radioactive transuranic waste from atomic power stations. Such waste materials may have radioactive half-lives of thousands of years, and so must be isolated in a geologically stable environment. On the left is an experiment testing the design of containers carrying vitrified waste. The mine is located near Carlsbad, New Mexico, USA. (1988)
    USA_SCI_NUKE_18_xs.jpg
  • Safety tour at underground storage of radioactive wastes. This is one of the chambers of the Waste Isolation Pilot Project (WIPP), 700 meters below ground. WIPP is a research project to determine the suitability of the local salt rocks as a storage site for highly- radioactive transuranic waste from nuclear power stations. Such waste materials may have radioactive half-lives of thousands of years, and so must be isolated in a geologically stable environment. On the left is an experiment testing the design of containers carrying vitrified waste. The mine is located near Carlsbad, New Mexico, USA. (1998)
    USA_SCI_NUKE_14_xs.jpg
  • Underground storage of radioactive wastes. Measuring ceiling-floor movement. This is one of the chambers of the Waste Isolation Pilot Project (WIPP), 700 meters below ground. WIPP is a research project to determine the suitability of the local salt rocks as a storage site for highly radioactive transuranic waste from nuclear power stations. Such waste materials may have radioactive half-lives of thousands of years, and so must be isolated in a geologically stable environment. On the left is an experiment testing the design of containers carrying vitrified waste. The mine is located near Carlsbad, New Mexico, USA. (1998)
    USA_SCI_NUKE_13_xs.jpg
  • Physics: Stanford Linear Accelerator Center (SLAC), Menlo Park, California. Control Room [1988]. Instrumentation displays inside the control room of the Stanford Linear Collider (SLC) experiment, Menlo Park, California. With a length of 3km, the Stanford Linear Accelerator is the largest of its kind in the world. The accelerator is used to produce streams of electrons and positrons, which collide at a combined energy of 100 GeV (Giga electron Volts). This massive energy is sufficient to produce Z-zero particles in the collision. The Z-zero is one of the mediators of the weak nuclear force, the force behind radioactive decay, and was first discovered at CERN, Geneva, in 1983. The first Z-zero at SLC was produced on 11 April 1989.
    USA_SCI_PHY_29_xs.jpg
  • Physics: Aligning Magnets in the 3 km tunnel of the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center (SLAC), Menlo Park, California.  Reverse Bend SLC Experiment, [1986].Technicians making final alignment checks in the tunnel of the Stanford Linear Collider (SLC). The SLC was built from the 3km linear accelerator at Stanford, California. In the SLC, electrons and positrons are accelerated to energies of 50 giga electron volts (GeV) before being forced to collide. In this collision, a Z-nought particle may be produced. The Z-nought is the mediator of the electroweak nuclear force, the force behind radioactive decay. The first Z-nought was detected at SLC on 11 April 1989, six years after its discovery at the European LEP accelerator ring, near Geneva..
    USA_SCI_PHY_25_xs.jpg
  • Physics: Stanford Linear Accelerator Center (SLAC), Menlo Park, California. Control Room..Instrumentation displays inside the control room of the Stanford Linear Collider (SLC) experiment, California. With a length of 3km, the Stanford Linear Accelerator is the largest of its kind in the world. The accelerator is used to produce streams of electrons and positrons, which collide at a combined energy of 100 GeV (Giga electron Volts). This massive energy is sufficient to produce Z-zero particles in the collision. The Z-zero is one of the mediators of the weak nuclear force, the force behind radioactive decay, and was first discovered at CERN, Geneva, in 1983. The first Z-zero at SLC was produced on 11 April 1989. [1988]
    USA_SCI_PHY_22_xs.jpg
  • Physics: Stanford Linear Accelerator Center (SLAC). Electronics Trailer. J. Chapman checks myriad connections..Stanford Linear Collider (SLC) experiment, Menlo Park, California. With a length of 3km, the Stanford Linear Accelerator is the largest of its kind in the world. The accelerator is used to produce streams of electrons and positrons, which collide at a combined energy of 100 GeV (Giga electron Volts). This massive energy is sufficient to produce Z-zero particles in the collision. The Z-zero is one of the mediators of the weak nuclear force, the force behind radioactive decay, and was first discovered at CERN, Geneva, in 1983. The first Z-zero at SLC was produced on 11 April 1989. [1988]
    USA_SCI_PHY_19_xs.jpg
  • Physics: Stanford Linear Accelerator Center (SLAC). Rafe Schindler and Iris Abt with detector insert. Stanford Linear Collider (SLC) experiment, Menlo Park, California. With a length of 3km, the Stanford Linear Accelerator is the largest of its kind in the world. The accelerator is used to produce streams of electrons and positrons, which collide at a combined energy of 100 GeV (Giga electron Volts). This massive energy is sufficient to produce Z-zero particles in the collision. The Z-zero is one of the mediators of the weak nuclear force, the force behind radioactive decay, and was first discovered at CERN, Geneva, in 1983. The first Z-zero at SLC was produced on 11 April 1989. [1988]
    USA_SCI_PHY_18_xs.jpg
  • Proton decay experiment to determine the ultimate stability of matter..Physics: Proton Decay. Ohio, Morton Salt Mine (1985). Proton decay detector located 600 meters underground in the Morton salt mine near Cleveland, Ohio.which consists of a massive tank containing 21 cubic meters of ultra pure water, its walls lined with photomultiplier tubes, which detect faint flashes of Cerenkov light emitted by the passage of charged particles
    USA_SCI_PHY_36_xs.jpg
  • Physics: Assembly of Bismuth Germanium Oxide (BGO) Crystal for the L-3 experiment at CERN. BGO (formula Bi4 Ge3 O12) is used to detect electrons and photons generated by electron- positron collisions in the LEP Collider ring. When an electron or photon enters the crystal, its energy is converted into light. The light is channeled by the crystal to photodiodes, producing an electronic signal. 11, 000 crystals, totaling 12 tons in weight, are used in the detector, measuring the energy and position of the incoming particles at very high resolution. The LEP and L- 3 detector were inaugurated on 13 November 1989. Geneva, Switzerland..CERN is the European centre for particle physics near Geneva. L3 is one of 4 giant particle detectors at the LEP Collider. LEP collides electrons & positrons accelerated to an energy of 50 GeV in a circular tunnel 100m underground & 27km in circumference. L3 is a cylindrical assembly of many types of apparatus - hadron & electromagnetic calorimeters, drift chambers, & a time projection chamber - which fit together like layers of an onion around the point where the particles collide. L3 is a collaboration of 460 physicists from institutions in 13 countries. MODEL RELEASED [1988]
    SWI_SCI_PHY_06_xs.jpg
  • Case Western research biologist James Watson nudges a cockroach onto an insect-sized treadmill, intending to measure the actions of its leg muscles with minute electrodes. To ensure that the roach runs on its course, Watson coaxes it onward with a pair of big tweezers. In the experiment, the electrode readings from the insect's leg are matched to its movements, recorded by a high-speed video camera. Cleveland, OH. From the book Robo sapiens: Evolution of a New Species, page 105.
    USA_rs_322_qxxs.jpg
  • Above ground view of underground storage of radioactive wastes for the Waste Isolation Pilot Project (WIPP), 700 meters below ground. WIPP is a research project to determine the suitability of the local salt rocks as a storage site for highly- radioactive transuranic waste from nuclear power stations. Such waste materials may have radioactive half-lives of thousands of years, and so must be isolated in a geologically stable environment. On the left is an experiment testing the design of containers carrying vitrified waste. The mine is located near Carlsbad, New Mexico, USA. 1998.
    USA_SCI_NUKE_20_xs.jpg
  • Physics: Stanford Linear Accelerator Center (SLAC). Large Detector construction: sorting through the tens of thousands of fittings. Stanford Linear Collider (SLC) experiment, Menlo Park, California. With a length of 3km, the Stanford Linear Accelerator is the largest of its kind in the world. The accelerator is used to produce streams of electrons and positrons, which collide at a combined energy of 100 GeV (Giga electron Volts). This massive energy is sufficient to produce Z-zero particles in the collision. The Z-zero is one of the mediators of the weak nuclear force, the force behind radioactive decay, and was first discovered at CERN, Geneva, in 1983. The first Z-zero at SLC was produced on 11 April 1989. [1988]
    USA_SCI_PHY_15_xs.jpg
  • Proton decay experiment to determine the ultimate stability of matter..Physics: Proton Decay. Ohio, Morton Salt Mine (1985). Proton decay detector located 600 meters underground in the Morton salt mine near Cleveland, Ohio.which consists of a massive tank containing 21 cubic meters of ultra pure water, its walls lined with photomultiplier tubes, which detect faint flashes of Cerenkov light emitted by the passage of charged particles.
    USA_SCI_PHY_35_xs.jpg
  • Salt tailing pile in foreground of an above ground view of underground storage of radioactive wastes for the Waste Isolation Pilot Project (WIPP), 700 meters below ground. WIPP is a research project to determine the suitability of the local salt rocks as a storage site for highly- radioactive transuranic waste from atomic power stations. Such waste materials may have radioactive half-lives of thousands of years, and so must be isolated in a geologically stable environment. On the left is an experiment testing the design of containers carrying vitrified waste. The mine is located near Carlsbad, New Mexico, USA. (1998)
    USA_SCI_NUKE_16_xs.jpg
  • Physics: Stanford Linear Accelerator Center (SLAC), Menlo Park, California. Large Detector Control Room. Instrumentation displays inside the control room of the Stanford Linear Collider (SLC) experiment, California. With a length of 3km, the Stanford Linear Accelerator is the largest of its kind in the world. The accelerator is used to produce streams of electrons and positrons, which collide at a combined energy of 100 GeV (Giga electron Volts). This massive energy is sufficient to produce Z-zero particles in the collision. The Z-zero is one of the mediators of the weak nuclear force, the force behind radioactive decay, and was first discovered at CERN, Geneva, in 1983. The first Z-zero at SLC was produced on 11 April 1989. [1988]
    USA_SCI_PHY_26_xs.jpg
  • Scientist Richard Turco and Carl Sagan were on the scientific team that devised the concept of nuclear winter. Turco is seen here at the Nuclear Winter test fire: where a canyon outside Los Angeles was deliberately set on fire to study the potential climatic effects of a nuclear war. The nuclear winter theory predicts that smoke from fires burning after a nuclear war would block sunlight, causing a rapid drop in temperature that would trigger serious ecological disturbance. The test burn took place in December 1986 on 500 acres of brush in Lodi Canyon, Los Angeles. Dripping napalm from a helicopter ignited the fire. Ground-based temperature sensors were used to study soil erosion. Various airborne experiments included smoke sampling & high-altitude infrared imaging from a converted U-2 spy plane.
    USA_SCI_NUKE_25_xs.jpg
  • Nuclear Winter test fire: brown smoke rises from smoldering brush fires, deliberately started to study the potential climatic effects of a nuclear war. The nuclear winter theory predicts that smoke from fires burning after a nuclear war would block sunlight, causing a rapid drop in temperature that would trigger serious ecological disturbance. The test burn took place in December 1986 on 500 acres of brush in Lodi Canyon, Los Angeles. Dripping napalm from a helicopter ignited the fire. Ground-based temperature sensors were used to study soil erosion. Various airborne experiments included smoke sampling & high-altitude infrared imaging from a converted U-2 spy plane.
    USA_SCI_NUKE_21_xs.jpg
  • Nuclear Winter test fire: brown smoke rises from smoldering brush fires, deliberately started to study the potential climatic effects of a nuclear war. The nuclear winter theory predicts that smoke from fires burning after a nuclear war would block sunlight, causing a rapid drop in temperature that would trigger serious ecological disturbance. The test burn took place in December 1986 on 500 acres of brush in Lodi Canyon, Los Angeles. Dripping napalm from a helicopter ignited the fire. Ground-based temperature sensors were used to study soil erosion. Various airborne experiments included smoke sampling & high-altitude infrared imaging from a converted U-2 spy plane.
    USA_SCI_NUKE_22_xs.jpg
  • Nuclear Winter test fire: brush fires deliberately started to study the potential climatic effects of a nuclear war. The nuclear winter theory predicts that smoke from fires burning after a nuclear war would block sunlight, causing a rapid drop in temperature that would trigger serious ecological disturbance. The test burn took place in December 1986 on 500 acres of brush in Lodi Canyon, Los Angeles. Dripping napalm from a helicopter ignited the fire. Ground-based temperature sensors were used to study soil erosion. Various airborne experiments included smoke sampling & high-altitude infrared imaging from a converted U-2 spy plane.
    USA_SCI_NUKE_24_xs.jpg
  • Nuclear Winter test fire: fire crews rest while monitoring the brown smoke rising from smoldering brush fires, deliberately started to study the potential climatic effects of a nuclear war. The nuclear winter theory predicts that smoke from fires burning after a nuclear war would block sunlight, causing a rapid drop in temperature that would trigger serious ecological disturbance. The test burn took place in December 1986 on 500 acres of brush in Lodi Canyon, Los Angeles. Dripping napalm from a helicopter ignited the fire. Ground-based temperature sensors were used to study soil erosion. Various airborne experiments included smoke sampling & high-altitude infrared imaging from a converted U-2 spy plane.
    USA_SCI_NUKE_23_xs.jpg
  • San Francisco Bay model, with the Golden Gate bridge. Sausalito. California. An engineer is taking a water sample.
    USA_CA_06_xs.jpg
  • Guam; Earl Campbell's brown tree snake research in a jungle area near Andersen Air Force Base. Snakes trapped, tagged, sexed, measured, weighed and released. . There are no birds on the Pacific Island of Guam thanks to the Brown Tree Snake. These hungry egg-eating snakes have overrun the tropical island after arriving on a lumber freighter from New Guinea during World War II. Besides wiping out the bird population, Brown Tree Snakes cause frequent power outages: they commit short circuit suicide when climbing between power lines.
    GUM_08_xs.jpg
  • Nevada Nuclear Test site- Used drill bits in the drilling storage yard for underground nuclear tests. (1988)
    USA_SCI_NUKE_19_xs.jpg
  • First atomic bomb test site: Site Trinity ground zero, the still radioactive piece of desert in the White Sands Missile Range was witness to the world's first nuclear explosion on August 6, 1945. Each year the site is open to the public for one day. An exorcism is performed by a Catholic Priest, here sprinkling holy water, as visitors to ground zero mill around an original Fat Man bomb casing, on loan from the nearby Atomic Museum in Albuquerque, New Mexico. 1986.
    USA_SCI_NUKE_12_xs.jpg
  • First atomic bomb test site: Site Trinity ground zero, the still radioactive piece of desert in the White Sands Missile Range was witness to the world's first nuclear explosion on August 6, 1945. Each year the site is open to the public for one day. An exorcism is performed by a Catholic Priest, here sprinkling holy water, as visitors to ground zero mill around an original Fat Man bomb casing, on loan from the nearby Atomic Museum in Albuquerque, New Mexico. 1986.
    USA_SCI_NUKE_08_xs.jpg
  • Nevada Nuclear Test site: crater created by Project Sedan nuclear blast in 1969 is 320 feet deep by 1289 feet in diameter. (1988)
    USA_SCI_NUKE_07_xs.jpg
  • New Mexico, .First atomic bomb test site: Site Trinity, visitors lined up to enter the McDonald farmhouse, restored by the National Park Service. The world's first atomic bomb was assembled here before it was hoisted onto a tower for the detonation that ushered in the nuclear age. (1984).
    USA_SCI_NUKE_05_xs.jpg
  • New Mexico, First atomic bomb test site: Site Trinity ground zero, the still radioactive piece of desert in the White Sands Missile Range, which was witness to the world's first nuclear explosion on August 6, 1945. Each year the site is open to the public for one day. Visitors to ground zero listen to a Manhattan Project scientist reminisce while standing next to an original Fat Man bomb casing, on loan from the nearby Atomic Museum in Albuquerque, New Mexico.
    USA_SCI_NUKE_04_xs.jpg
  • A Defense Department specialist in a radiation suit on the Nuclear Test Site in the Nevada desert outside Las Vegas holds a Geiger counter during a simulated nuclear weapons accident test. In the "Broken Arrow" (any accident involving a nuclear weapon) exercise, the Defense Department and the Department of Energy simulated the crash of a helicopter carrying nuclear weapons. Various agencies and departments then practiced coordinating their responses in an effort to find and clean up the mess. Real radioactive material was spread around the desert and a large number of soldiers simulated the angry residents of a nearby town..1981
    USA_SCI_NUKE_01_xs.jpg
  • Rocket-triggered lightning launch site at Mosquito Lagoon near Cape Canaveral (Kennedy Space Center), Florida. Shooting a rocket into overhead thundercloud causes a lightning strike. A fine copper wire trailing from the rocket creates a path for the cloud's electric charge. (1991)
    USA_SCI_LIG_29_xs.jpg
  • Physics: Spectra Diode Lab, San Jose, California. Don Scifres, CEO demos a 5 Watt Laser. MODEL RELEASED [1988]
    USA_SCI_PHY_14_xs.jpg
  • Virtual reality in undersea exploration: bench testing of an undersea tele-robotic robot arm, being developed for the U.S. Navy by the Centre for Engineering Design at the University of Utah, Salt Lake City. The functions of this robot are the performance of complex underwater tasks by remote manipulation from the surface. Underwater video cameras & other imaging systems relay information to a computer that produces a 3-D virtual image of the seabed. The operator is linked to this world through a headset equipped with 3-D goggles, & spatial sensor, and data gloves or other clothing that relay precision movements back through the computer to tools on the robot's limbs. (1990)
    USA_SCI_VR_40_xs.jpg
  • Virtual reality in undersea exploration: bench testing of an undersea tele-robotic robot arm, being developed for the U.S. Navy by the Center for Engineering Design at the University of Utah, Salt Lake City. The functions of this robot are the performance of complex underwater tasks by remote manipulation from the surface. Underwater video cameras & other imaging systems relay information to a computer that produces a 3-D virtual image of the seabed. The operator is linked to this world through a headset equipped with 3-D goggles, & spatial sensor, and data gloves or other clothing that relay precision movements back through the computer to tools on the robot's limbs. (1990)
    USA_SCI_VR_39_xs.jpg
  • Physics: NASA/AMES Researchers in Mountain View, California. D. Hudgins, J Dworkin, M. Berstein (Left to Right). Looking for P.A.H. in the lab at Nasa Ames. Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) are a class of very stable organic molecules made up of only carbon and hydrogen. Photographed at NASA's Ames Research Center, California, USA.- Origin of Life 1999.
    USA_SCI_PHY_23_xs.jpg
  • Burton Richter (b.1931), Director of the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center (SLAC), photographed during the construction of the Stanford Linear Collider in 1986. Richter won the 1976 Nobel Prize for Physics, following his discovery of the Psi- particle at the SLAC in 1974. The Prize was shared with Sam Ting of Brookhaven National Laboratory. The discovery of the Psi- particle also implied the existence of two new quarks, Charm and anti- Charm. Richter has been at SLAC since 1964, having also designed the PEP positron-electron storage ring at Stanford. Richter became Director of SLAC in 1984, and now oversees projects such as the Stanford Linear Positron-Electron Collider. MODEL RELEASED. Detector 4 SLC in CEH. MODEL RELEASED.
    USA_SCI_PHY_20_xs.jpg
  • Physics: Proton Decay. Ohio, Morton Salt Mine 1985. Proton decay detector located 600 meters underground in the Morton salt mine near Cleveland, Ohio, which consists of a massive tank containing 21 cubic meters of ultra pure water, its walls lined with photomultiplier tubes, which detect faint flashes of Cerenkov light emitted by the passage of charged particles. MODEL RELEASED
    USA_SCI_PHY_28_xs.jpg
  • Physics: A blowtorch is applied to a sample of aerogel to demonstrate its insulation properties. Aerogel is a new material, which has very high thermal insulation properties and extremely low mass. It is made by adding alcohol to a conventional silica gel to remove water. The gel is then placed in a pressure chamber, and the alcohol removed under super fluid conditions. This prevents the gel from collapsing. The resulting block of silica fibers contains about 90% air, so is very lightweight. Aerogel is being studied as an insulating material and as a holding medium for nuclear fusion fuel. Photographed at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, USA. [1991]
    USA_SCI_PHY_32_xs.jpg
  • Physics: Scientist, Cynthia Alviso, with two organic aerogels. The cloudy white disc is silica aerogel, whilst the red disc is an aerogel containing fibers of an organic material. Aerogel is a new material, which has very high thermal insulation and extremely low mass. It is made by drying a water-based or alcohol-based gel in a super fluid process that prevents the gel from collapsing. The resulting block of linked microscopic fibers contains about 90% air, so is very lightweight. Aerogel is being studied as a thermal insulator and as a holding medium for nuclear fusion fuel. Photographed at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, USA. MODEL RELEASED [1991].
    USA_SCI_PHY_31_xs.jpg
  • Physics: Lawrence Livermore National Lab in Livermore, California. New Materials: thin multilayer (copper and zirconium) held by Troy Barbee. MODEL RELEASED [1991]
    USA_SCI_PHY_11_xs.jpg
  • USA_SCI_PHAR_01_xs .Pherin Pharmaceutical in Mountain View, California. Dr. C Jennings-White, Vice-President. Chemical research in lab with test compounds. MODEL RELEASED (2002).Pherin Pharmaceutical produces a family of pharmaceutical compounds called vomeropherins. These compounds are delivered to the vomeronasal organ (VNO) that in turn affects the hypothalamus and the limbic system. The human VNO is linked to the hypothalamus and limbic areas, which enables Pherin to develop therapeutic drugs targeted against a variety of medical conditions associated with these brain regions such as mood disorders, neuro-endocrine function, body weight management, body temperature, sexual motivation, water and salt balance, blood pressure, and sugar and fat metabolism. .The vomeronasal organ (VNO) or Jacobson's organ is an auxiliary olfactory sense organ in some tetrapods. In adults, it is located in the vomer bone, between the nose and the mouth. Anatomical studies demonstrate that in humans the vomeronasal organ regresses during fetal development, as is the case with some other mammals, including other apes, cetaceans, and some bats. There is no evidence of a neural connection between the organ and the brain in adult humans. Nevertheless, a small pit can be found in the nasal septum of some people, and some researchers have argued that this pit represents a functional vomeronasal organ. Thus, its possible presence in humans remains controversial.
    USA_SCI_PHAR_01_xs.jpg
  • Driving with a joystick, MIT graduate student Joseph Spano takes a spin in the ball-wheelchair he is helping to design. The chair, which uses spheres instead of wheels, automatically compensates for movement, if Spano reaches down, the chair responds by thrusting out its "wheels" to prevent him from toppling over. From the book Robo sapiens: Evolution of a New Species, page 180.
    USA_rs_385_qxxs.jpg
  • Radio-controlled outdoor mobile platforms, Micro ATRV and ATRV-2, are produced by Real World Interface, part of iRobot of Somerville, MA. (ATRV stands for All-Terrain Robot Vehicle.) Their main purpose: to carry equipment in and out of areas difficult for human beings to navigate. Looking at the liquid-crystal display for the Micro ATRV, a Real World staffer directs it toward its larger cousin. From the book Robo sapiens: Evolution of a New Species, pages 142-143.
    USA_rs_335_qxxs.jpg
  • Shot-putting Urbie over a two-meter chain-link fence, Alan DiPietro, a staff researcher at iRobot of Somerville, Mass., shows how soldiers might use this remotely operated robot in urban warfare. Intended for surveillance, Urbie is a low-profile, remotely operated machine that crawls over obstacles on bulldozer-like tracks, beaming images of what it sees to its operators. The robot is intended to be exceptionally durable, capable of flipping over and surviving shocks that would destroy most other robots. But the company still has a ways to go, one of Urbie's caterpillar tracks shattered when DiPietro threw it over the fence. From the book Robo sapiens: Evolution of a New Species, page 146.
    USA_rs_334_qxxs.jpg
  • In a Kafkaesque scenario, an anesthetized female cockroach is pinned on its back in a petri dish coated with a rubbery goo. Guiding himself by peering through a microscope, James T. Watson, a staff researcher in Roy Ritzmann's lab at Case Western Reserve University, inserts the wires from thin pink electrodes into one of the insect's leg muscles. The electrodes will be used to take measurements of the insect's leg muscles when it moves-information that will be used by roboticist Roger Quinn in his roach-robot projects. Cleveland, OH. From the book Robo sapiens: Evolution of a New Species, page 104.
    USA_rs_321_qxxs.jpg
  • USA.rs.312.qxxs.A surprising amount of the lab's work at Robert Full's Poly-PEDAL laboratory at UC Berkeley (California) focuses on cockroaches, because they are exceptionally mobile?for their size, the fastest species on the planet. The fastest roach is a big species known, melodramatically, as the death-head roach, seen here in its "run" at the Poly-PEDAL lab. As the run demonstrates, cockroaches do not have to have secure footing to move quickly. Instead, they use two alternating sets of legs (two on one side, one on the other) as springs, almost bouncing themselves forward. Remarkably, the insect brain doesn't have to see its feet or even be aware of them. From the book Robo sapiens: Evolution of a New Species, page 96.
    USA_rs_312_qxxs.jpg
  • The H7 robot walks without a safety harness at the Inoue-Inaba Robotics Lab. A joystick operating student, seated at right maneuvers the robot. Research Associate Satoshi Kagami (wearing a suit in the photo) walks with the robot, armed with its "kill switch" in case the robot malfunctions. Its predecessor, H6 hangs at left, near another student who is ready to step in, in the event that the robot falls. The researchers are fairly relaxed during the demonstration compared to those in other labs. University of Tokyo, Japan.
    Usa_rs_362_xs.jpg
  • Students in the laboratory of Professor Fumio Hara and Hiroshi Kobayashi at Science University of Tokyo work on their various robot projects, including the labs' first generation face robot. This three-dimensional human-like animated pneumatic face robot can recognize human facial expressions as well as produce realistic facial expressions in real time. The animated face robot, covered in latex "skin" is equipped with a CCD camera in the left eye and is able to collect facial image data that is used for on-line recognition of human facial expressions.
    Japan_Jap_rs_263_xs.jpg
  • Los Alamos National Lab, New Mexico. Richard Mah seen with A3 Uranium Projectile research. The uranium projectile is very dense and is used for armor piercing weapons. MODEL RELEASED (1998)
    USA_SCI_NUKE_17_xs.jpg
  • Site Trinity ground zero, the still radioactive piece of desert in the White Sands Missile Range, which was witness to the world's first nuclear explosion on August 6, 1945. Each year the site is open to the public for one day. Visitors to ground zero listen to a Manhattan Project scientist reminisce while standing next to an original Fat Man bomb casing, on loan from the nearby Atomic Museum in Albuquerque, New Mexico.
    USA_SCI_NUKE_03_xs.jpg
  • Defense Department specialists in radiation suits on the Nuclear Test Site in the Nevada desert outside Las Vegas hold Geiger counters during a simulated nuclear weapons accident test. In the "Broken Arrow" (any accident involving a nuclear weapon) exercise, the Defense Department and the Department of Energy simulated the crash of a helicopter carrying nuclear weapons. Various agencies and departments then practiced coordinating their responses in an effort to find and clean up the mess. Real radioactive material was spread around the desert and a large number of soldiers simulated the angry residents of a nearby town..1981
    USA_SCI_NUKE_02_xs.jpg
  • Launching weather balloon with field mills into storm. Balloon is 1500 cubic feet surplus nylon with fins that is tethered and carries an electronic field meter. Langmuir Atmospheric Research Lab on Mt. Baldy, New Mexico (1992)
    USA_SCI_LIG_18_xs.jpg
  • Virtual reality: fitting adjustments being made to a data suit (blue, center) by Lou Ellen Jones, Asif Emon and Bea Holster at VPL research, Redwood City, California. VPL specializes in virtual or artificial reality systems, the production of computer-generated graphical environments that users may enter. Visual contact with such artificial worlds is provided by a headset equipped with 3-D goggles. A spatial sensor on the headset (to fix the user's position in space) and numerous optical fiber sensors woven into the data suit, relay data back to the computer. The forerunner to the data suit is the data glove, which restricted the user's virtual interaction to hand gestures. Model Released (1990)
    USA_SCI_VR_34_xs.jpg
  • Professor Boris Rubinsky at University of California Berkeley, Department of Bioengineering and Mechanical Engineering. He developed the first "bionic chip" in which a biological cell is part of the actual electronic circuitry invented with graduate student Yong Huang. MODEL RELEASED [2001]
    USA_SCI_PHY_30_xs.jpg
  • Physics: Proton Decay control room. Cleveland, Ohio, Morton Salt Mine proton decay detector located 600 meters underground in the Morton salt mine near Cleveland, Ohio, which consists of a massive tank containing 21 cubic meters of ultra pure water, its walls lined with photomultiplier tubes, which detect faint flashes of Cerenkov light emitted by the passage of charged particles. [1985]
    USA_SCI_PHY_24_xs.jpg
  • Physics: Lawrence Livermore National Lab in Livermore, California. New Materials research: thin multilayers (concave mirror for x-ray laser). [1991]
    USA_SCI_PHY_33_xs.jpg
  • Pherin Pharmaceutical in Mountain View, California. Louis Monti, MD, PhD performing vomero nasal organ research (pheromones). MODEL RELEASED (2002)
    USA_SCI_PHAR_05_xs.jpg
  • Researcher John Kumph monitors the free-swimming robot pike he has designed. The robot is used in research into the swimming efficiency of fish. The robot is powered by motors, which pull on its skeleton, producing a realistic swimming stroke. It is steered by its fins. A human operator using a radio controls the battery-powered robot. Photographed at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, MA,  USA.
    Usa_rs_534_xs.jpg
  • At the MIT Media Lab in Cambridge, MA, Joshua Bers models virtual reality gloves and tracking devices while calibrating them. Bers is working on his master's thesis under Richard Bolt. He is seen wearing the equipment detailed above for calibration purposes. Once programmed and calibrated, he can move virtual objects around in a virtual room. Bolt is working on multi-modal interaction using speech, gesture, and gaze. He is attempting to program computers to interact with their users by non-standard (keyboard, mouse) methods.
    Usa_rs_105_xs.jpg
  • University of California Berkeley biologist Robert Full analyzes centipede motion by observing the insect's movement across a glass plate covered with "photoelastic" gelatin. On either side of the gel are thin polarizing filters that together block all light coming through the glass. When the centipede's feet contact the gel, they temporarily deform it, altering the way light goes through it and allowing some to pass through the filters. In the test above, one group of legs works on one side of the animal's midsection while two other groups work near its head and tail. UC Berkeley (California. From the book Robo sapiens: Evolution of a New Species, page 94 bottom..
    USA_rs_314_qxxs.jpg
  • Physics: Electron beam accelerator operator at RayChem Corp. Uriel Lopez, beam operator. MODEL RELEASED
    USA_SCI_PHY_27_xs.jpg
  • Wild flower and trinitite. Trinitite is a metamorphic rock found in New Mexico. It was formed during the explosion of the world's first nuclear bomb, code-named Trinity, on 16 July 1945. Trinitite is an altered silicate resembling rough green glass. The extreme temperatures of the nuclear explosion melted the native sandstone soil. As the material cooled it formed a glassy structure. The greenish color comes from iron in the sand - the same iron, which as an oxide gave the original sand its reddish color. Most of the original radioactivity of the trinitite has gone in the last decades. First atomic bomb test site. (1984).
    USA_SCI_NUKE_10_xs.jpg
  • First atomic bomb test site: Site Trinity ground zero, the still radioactive piece of desert in the White Sands Missile Range, which was witness to the world's first nuclear explosion on August 6, 1945. Each year the site is open to the public for one day. Visitors to ground zero listen to a Manhattan Project scientist reminisce while standing next to an original Fat Man bomb casing, on loan from the nearby Atomic Museum in Albuquerque, New Mexico. .Test site of the first atomic bomb, part of the Manhattan Project. Trinity was detonated at 5:29am on 16th July 1945 at the Los Alamos site in New Mexico, USA.  (1984)
    USA_SCI_NUKE_06_xs.jpg
  • In the water, pike can accelerate at a rate of eight to twelve g's, as fast as a NASA rocket. To scientists, the speed is inexplicable. In an attempt to understand how the flap of a thin fish tail can push a fish faster than any propeller, John Kumph, then an MIT graduate student, built a robotic version of a chain-pickerel?a species of pike?with a spring-wound fiberglass exoskeleton and a skin made of silicone rubber. Now under further development by iRobot, an MIT-linked company just outside Boston in Somerville, MA, the robo-fish can't yet swim nearly as fast as a real pike, suggesting how much remains to be learned. Photographed at the MIT tow tank, Cambridge, MA. From the book Robo sapiens: Evolution of a New Species, page 108-109.
    USA_rs_304_qxxs.jpg
  • A technician makes notes on a test of a fan in a window at the Underwriters test Lab Northbrook (Chicago) IL.
    USA_SCI_UWRL_09_xs.jpg
  • Carlos Barbaro tests hair drier circuits at the Underwriters test Lab in Northbrook (Chicago) IL.
    USA_SCI_UWRL_07_xs.jpg
  • Fire extinguisher test as the Underwriters test Lab in Northbrook (Chicago) IL.
    USA_SCI_UWRL_05_xs.jpg
  • Shatterproof glass gunshot tests at the Underwriters test Lab Northbrook (Chicago) IL.
    USA_SCI_UWRL_02_xs.jpg
  • Roof Panel fire test at the Underwriters test Lab, Northbrook (Chicago) IL.
    USA_SCI_UWRL_01_xs.jpg
  • CRT (TV tube) implosion test at the Underwriters test Lab in Northbrook (Chicago) IL.
    USA_SCI_UWRL_08_xs.jpg
  • CRT (TV tube) implosion test at the Underwriters test Lab in Northbrook (Chicago) IL.
    USA_SCI_UWRL_06_xs.jpg
  • Safe cracking test at the Underwriters test Lab in Northbrook (Chicago) IL.
    USA_SCI_UWRL_04_xs.jpg
  • CRT (TV tube) implosion test at the Underwriters test Lab in Northbrook (Chicago) IL.
    USA_SCI_UWRL_03_xs.jpg
  • A drop test of a portable hand vacuum at the Underwriters test Lab in Northbrook (Chicago) IL.
    USA_SCI_UWRL_10_xs.jpg
  • Franklin's lightning experiment. Model demonstrating the idea of the experiment conducted by Benjamin Franklin in 1750 on the nature of lightning. Franklin (1706-1790) was an American experimenter in static electricity. He wanted to show that lightning was a form of static electricity and could be drawn from the cloud by means of a tall metal spike. Delays to construction led him to try using a kite instead, and he indeed found that he could charge a capacitor by lightning drawn along a wet cord from the kite. Many later scientists died trying to duplicate the experiment. This model is in the Boston Museum of Science, USA. 1991.
    USA_SCI_LIG_41_xs.jpg
  • USA_SCI_BIOSPH_67_xs <br />
Biosphere 2 Project undertaken by Space Biosphere Ventures, a private ecological research firm funded by Edward P. Bass of Texas.  Hydroponic vegetable  research for Biosphere 2.  The experiment shown here was not used inside Biosphere 2.  Biosphere 2 was a privately funded experiment, designed to investigate the way in which humans interact with a small self-sufficient ecological environment, and to look at possibilities for future planetary colonization. The $30 million Biosphere covers 2.5 acres near Tucson, Arizona, and was entirely self- contained. The eight ‘Biospherian’s’ shared their air- and water-tight world with 3,800 species of plant and animal life. The project had problems with oxygen levels and food supply, and has been criticized over its scientific validity. 1986
    USA_SCI_BIOSPH_67_xs.jpg
  • Physics: Samuel C.C. Ting (b.1936), Project Director of the L-3 Detector Experiment at CERN's Large Electron- Positron Collider (LEP). Sam Ting won the 1976 Nobel Prize for physics (shared with Burton Richter), following his discovery of the J/Psi particle at the Brookhaven Laboratory in 1974. The J/Psi particle, and the Psi-prime particle discovered by Richter, implied the existence of two new quarks, Charm and anti-Charm. The L-3 experiment at CERN is designed to search for the fundamental particles of nature and the mechanism by which they receive their mass. MODEL RELEASED [1988]
    SWI_SCI_PHY_03_xs.jpg
  • Studying the creation of life. A scientist adjusts equipment during a re-run of the Miller-Urey experiment into the origin of life. A flask containing a mixture of water, hydrogen, methane and ammonia has an electric field applied across it. A ultra-violet laser is used to illuminate the mixture and to stimulate an electrical discharge in the mixture. This experiment, devised first by Stanley Miller and Harold Urey in 1952, produces a mixture of 'pre-biotic' chemicals such as amino acids. It is suggested that the roots of life on Earth rest in prehistoric, global versions of this process. Photographed at the NASA Ames Research Center, California. MODEL RELEASED 1992.
    USA_SCI_LIG_44_xs.jpg
  • Physics: Scientist checking the sense wires of the muon detector inside the clean room of CERN's L-3 experiment during construction in [1988] The detector consists of 250, 000 beryllium and tungsten wires mounted in 80 chambers. A pair of positive and negative muons may be produced by the collision of an electron and a positron, the wires detect the muons and measure their momentum. The L-3 experiment is part of CERN's Large Electron- Positron Collider (LEP), inaugurated on 13 November 1989. [1988].
    SWI_SCI_PHY_09_xs.jpg
  • Physics: Geneva, Switzerland. CERN: L-3 Experiment. A technician (K. Reismann) works inside the L3 detector at CERN, the European centre for particle physics near Geneva. The L-3 experiment is part of CERN's Large Electron- Positron Collider (LEP), inaugurated on 13 November 1989. L3 is one of 4 giant particle detectors at the LEP Collider. LEP collides electrons & positrons accelerated to an energy of 50 GeV in a circular tunnel 100m underground & 27km in circumference. L3 is a cylindrical assembly of many types of apparatus - hadron & electromagnetic calorimeters, drift chambers, & a time projection chamber - which fit together, like layers of an onion around the point where the particles collide. L3 is a collaboration of 460 physicists from institutions in 13 countries. Aachen Group. MODEL RELEASED [1988].
    SWI_SCI_PHY_05_xs.jpg
  • The particle physics collaboration group in the detector pit of the L-3 experiment at CERN's Large Electron-Positron Collider (LEP) ring during its construction in [1988] (Sam Ting bottom left in trench coat.) The pit now contains detectors that can measure and identify the various electrons, muons and photons that are emitted following collision events. The main part of the detector is the large magnet, contained in a cubic space of 12 meters each side and weighing 7810 tons. The magnet surrounds the particle detectors; the vertex chamber, the electromagnetic calorimeter, the hadron calorimeter and the muon chamber. The LEP ring was inaugurated on 13 November 1989. The LEP ring was inaugurated on 13 November 1989. [1988].
    SWI_SCI_PHY_10_xs.jpg
  • Biosphere 2 Project undertaken by Space Biosphere Ventures, a private ecological research firm funded by Edward P. Bass of Texas. Candidates for (1990)'s Biosphere 2 project. Dr. Roy Walford (bald) is front and center. Biosphere 2 was a privately funded experiment, designed to investigate the way in which humans interact with a small self-sufficient ecological environment, and to look at possibilities for future planetary colonization. (1989).
    USA_SCI_BIOSPH_02_xs.jpg
  • Biosphere 2 Project undertaken by Space Biosphere Ventures, a private ecological research firm funded by Edward P. Bass of Texas. Candidates for 1990's Biosphere 2 project. Biosphere 2 was a privately funded experiment, designed to investigate the way in which humans interact with a small self-sufficient ecological environment, and to look at possibilities for future planetary colonization. 1989
    USA_SCI_BIOSPH_01_xs.jpg
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