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![Physics: Geneva, Switzerland/CERN: L-3 Experiment. Russian scientist Yuri Kamishkou seen with the Hadron Calorimeter. CERN is the European centre for particle physics near Geneva. L3 is one of 4 giant particle detectors at the LEP Collider. The L-3 experiment is part of CERN's Large Electron- Positron Collider (LEP), inaugurated on 13 November 1989. LEP collides electrons & positrons accelerated to an energy of 50 GeV in a circular tunnel 100m underground & 27km in circumference. L3 is a cylindrical assembly of many types of apparatus - hadron & electromagnetic calorimeters, drift chambers, & a time projection chamber - which fit together like layers of an onion around the point where the particles collide. L3 is a collaboration of 460 physicists from institutions in 13 countries. MODEL RELEASED [1988]](https://www.menzelphoto.com/img-get2/I0000r0kKtXJMM_E/fill=/fit=180x180/I0000r0kKtXJMM_E.jpg)
![Proton decay experiment to determine the ultimate stability of matter..Proton decay. A technician [works with] a 20" (50cm) photomultiplier tube used in the search for proton decay. Hundreds of such tubes line a tank containing 9000 tons of water some 1000 meters underground in a zinc mine in Japan. Tokyo University's Kamiokande experiment was designed to look for decaying protons. If a proton decays, the charged particles it generates move through the water faster than light, and so generate blue 'Cerenkov' radiation. It is this that the photomultipliers detect. Computers then decide whether the event was a decay, or a collision with a solar neutrino. Japan. (1985)](https://www.menzelphoto.com/img-get2/I0000uvdBlshQGUM/fill=/fit=180x180/I0000uvdBlshQGUM.jpg)
![Physics: Patrice Lebrun works on the detector for the L-3 experiment at CERN, which uses a Bismuth Germanium Oxide (BGO) Crystal. BGO (formula Bi4 Ge3 O12) is used to detect electrons and photons generated by electron- positron collisions in the LEP Collider ring. When an electron or photon enters the crystal, its energy is converted into light. The light is channeled by the crystal to photodiodes, producing an electronic signal. 11, 000 crystals, totaling 12 tons in weight, are used in the detector, measuring the energy and position of the incoming particles at very high resolution. The LEP and L- 3 detector were inaugurated on 13 November 1989. Geneva, Switzerland..CERN is the European centre for particle physics near Geneva. L3 is one of 4 giant particle detectors at the LEP Collider. LEP collides electrons & positrons accelerated to an energy of 50 GeV in a circular tunnel 100m underground & 27km in circumference. L3 is a cylindrical assembly of many types of apparatus - hadron & electromagnetic calorimeters, drift chambers, & a time projection chamber - which fit together like layers of an onion around the point where the particles collide. L3 is a collaboration of 460 physicists from institutions in 13 countries. MODEL RELEASED [1988]](https://www.menzelphoto.com/img-get2/I0000jCzb6JkQqlY/fill=/fit=180x180/I0000jCzb6JkQqlY.jpg)
![Physics: Stanford Linear Accelerator Center (SLAC), Menlo Park, California. Control Room [1988]. Instrumentation displays inside the control room of the Stanford Linear Collider (SLC) experiment, Menlo Park, California. With a length of 3km, the Stanford Linear Accelerator is the largest of its kind in the world. The accelerator is used to produce streams of electrons and positrons, which collide at a combined energy of 100 GeV (Giga electron Volts). This massive energy is sufficient to produce Z-zero particles in the collision. The Z-zero is one of the mediators of the weak nuclear force, the force behind radioactive decay, and was first discovered at CERN, Geneva, in 1983. The first Z-zero at SLC was produced on 11 April 1989.](https://www.menzelphoto.com/img-get2/I0000b_6f7D1iczA/fill=/fit=180x180/I0000b_6f7D1iczA.jpg)
![Physics: Aligning Magnets in the 3 km tunnel of the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center (SLAC), Menlo Park, California. Reverse Bend SLC Experiment, [1986].Technicians making final alignment checks in the tunnel of the Stanford Linear Collider (SLC). The SLC was built from the 3km linear accelerator at Stanford, California. In the SLC, electrons and positrons are accelerated to energies of 50 giga electron volts (GeV) before being forced to collide. In this collision, a Z-nought particle may be produced. The Z-nought is the mediator of the electroweak nuclear force, the force behind radioactive decay. The first Z-nought was detected at SLC on 11 April 1989, six years after its discovery at the European LEP accelerator ring, near Geneva..](https://www.menzelphoto.com/img-get2/I00003t1ljYgF5oI/fill=/fit=180x180/I00003t1ljYgF5oI.jpg)
![Physics: Stanford Linear Accelerator Center (SLAC), Menlo Park, California. Control Room..Instrumentation displays inside the control room of the Stanford Linear Collider (SLC) experiment, California. With a length of 3km, the Stanford Linear Accelerator is the largest of its kind in the world. The accelerator is used to produce streams of electrons and positrons, which collide at a combined energy of 100 GeV (Giga electron Volts). This massive energy is sufficient to produce Z-zero particles in the collision. The Z-zero is one of the mediators of the weak nuclear force, the force behind radioactive decay, and was first discovered at CERN, Geneva, in 1983. The first Z-zero at SLC was produced on 11 April 1989. [1988]](https://www.menzelphoto.com/img-get2/I0000j1jacgZEQp8/fill=/fit=180x180/I0000j1jacgZEQp8.jpg)
![Physics: Stanford Linear Accelerator Center (SLAC). Electronics Trailer. J. Chapman checks myriad connections..Stanford Linear Collider (SLC) experiment, Menlo Park, California. With a length of 3km, the Stanford Linear Accelerator is the largest of its kind in the world. The accelerator is used to produce streams of electrons and positrons, which collide at a combined energy of 100 GeV (Giga electron Volts). This massive energy is sufficient to produce Z-zero particles in the collision. The Z-zero is one of the mediators of the weak nuclear force, the force behind radioactive decay, and was first discovered at CERN, Geneva, in 1983. The first Z-zero at SLC was produced on 11 April 1989. [1988]](https://www.menzelphoto.com/img-get2/I0000bLq9F4lmj04/fill=/fit=180x180/I0000bLq9F4lmj04.jpg)
![Physics: Stanford Linear Accelerator Center (SLAC). Rafe Schindler and Iris Abt with detector insert. Stanford Linear Collider (SLC) experiment, Menlo Park, California. With a length of 3km, the Stanford Linear Accelerator is the largest of its kind in the world. The accelerator is used to produce streams of electrons and positrons, which collide at a combined energy of 100 GeV (Giga electron Volts). This massive energy is sufficient to produce Z-zero particles in the collision. The Z-zero is one of the mediators of the weak nuclear force, the force behind radioactive decay, and was first discovered at CERN, Geneva, in 1983. The first Z-zero at SLC was produced on 11 April 1989. [1988]](https://www.menzelphoto.com/img-get2/I00002qZ5_N6ncO4/fill=/fit=180x180/I00002qZ5_N6ncO4.jpg)
![Physics: Stanford Linear Accelerator Center (SLAC). Large Detector construction: sorting through the tens of thousands of fittings. Stanford Linear Collider (SLC) experiment, Menlo Park, California. With a length of 3km, the Stanford Linear Accelerator is the largest of its kind in the world. The accelerator is used to produce streams of electrons and positrons, which collide at a combined energy of 100 GeV (Giga electron Volts). This massive energy is sufficient to produce Z-zero particles in the collision. The Z-zero is one of the mediators of the weak nuclear force, the force behind radioactive decay, and was first discovered at CERN, Geneva, in 1983. The first Z-zero at SLC was produced on 11 April 1989. [1988]](https://www.menzelphoto.com/img-get2/I000074_5qLYMp6o/fill=/fit=180x180/I000074_5qLYMp6o.jpg)
![Physics: Assembly of Bismuth Germanium Oxide (BGO) Crystal for the L-3 experiment at CERN. BGO (formula Bi4 Ge3 O12) is used to detect electrons and photons generated by electron- positron collisions in the LEP Collider ring. When an electron or photon enters the crystal, its energy is converted into light. The light is channeled by the crystal to photodiodes, producing an electronic signal. 11, 000 crystals, totaling 12 tons in weight, are used in the detector, measuring the energy and position of the incoming particles at very high resolution. The LEP and L- 3 detector were inaugurated on 13 November 1989. Geneva, Switzerland..CERN is the European centre for particle physics near Geneva. L3 is one of 4 giant particle detectors at the LEP Collider. LEP collides electrons & positrons accelerated to an energy of 50 GeV in a circular tunnel 100m underground & 27km in circumference. L3 is a cylindrical assembly of many types of apparatus - hadron & electromagnetic calorimeters, drift chambers, & a time projection chamber - which fit together like layers of an onion around the point where the particles collide. L3 is a collaboration of 460 physicists from institutions in 13 countries. MODEL RELEASED [1988]](https://www.menzelphoto.com/img-get2/I0000aijwUd.DOQo/fill=/fit=180x180/I0000aijwUd.DOQo.jpg)
![Physics: Stanford Linear Accelerator Center (SLAC), Menlo Park, California. Large Detector Control Room. Instrumentation displays inside the control room of the Stanford Linear Collider (SLC) experiment, California. With a length of 3km, the Stanford Linear Accelerator is the largest of its kind in the world. The accelerator is used to produce streams of electrons and positrons, which collide at a combined energy of 100 GeV (Giga electron Volts). This massive energy is sufficient to produce Z-zero particles in the collision. The Z-zero is one of the mediators of the weak nuclear force, the force behind radioactive decay, and was first discovered at CERN, Geneva, in 1983. The first Z-zero at SLC was produced on 11 April 1989. [1988]](https://www.menzelphoto.com/img-get2/I00005dkpQGtnHOo/fill=/fit=180x180/I00005dkpQGtnHOo.jpg)
![Physics: Spectra Diode Lab, San Jose, California. Don Scifres, CEO demos a 5 Watt Laser. MODEL RELEASED [1988]](https://www.menzelphoto.com/img-get2/I0000FdQaz5wj1.c/fill=/fit=180x180/I0000FdQaz5wj1.c.jpg)
![Professor Boris Rubinsky at University of California Berkeley, Department of Bioengineering and Mechanical Engineering. He developed the first "bionic chip" in which a biological cell is part of the actual electronic circuitry invented with graduate student Yong Huang. MODEL RELEASED [2001]](https://www.menzelphoto.com/img-get2/I0000LI7fDPs.pDQ/fill=/fit=180x180/I0000LI7fDPs.pDQ.jpg)
![Physics: A blowtorch is applied to a sample of aerogel to demonstrate its insulation properties. Aerogel is a new material, which has very high thermal insulation properties and extremely low mass. It is made by adding alcohol to a conventional silica gel to remove water. The gel is then placed in a pressure chamber, and the alcohol removed under super fluid conditions. This prevents the gel from collapsing. The resulting block of silica fibers contains about 90% air, so is very lightweight. Aerogel is being studied as an insulating material and as a holding medium for nuclear fusion fuel. Photographed at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, USA. [1991]](https://www.menzelphoto.com/img-get2/I00009Qa8bK.lTXQ/fill=/fit=180x180/I00009Qa8bK.lTXQ.jpg)
![Physics: Scientist, Cynthia Alviso, with two organic aerogels. The cloudy white disc is silica aerogel, whilst the red disc is an aerogel containing fibers of an organic material. Aerogel is a new material, which has very high thermal insulation and extremely low mass. It is made by drying a water-based or alcohol-based gel in a super fluid process that prevents the gel from collapsing. The resulting block of linked microscopic fibers contains about 90% air, so is very lightweight. Aerogel is being studied as a thermal insulator and as a holding medium for nuclear fusion fuel. Photographed at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, USA. MODEL RELEASED [1991].](https://www.menzelphoto.com/img-get2/I0000hqbklEdXBk8/fill=/fit=180x180/I0000hqbklEdXBk8.jpg)
![Physics: Lawrence Livermore National Lab in Livermore, California. New Materials: thin multilayer (copper and zirconium) held by Troy Barbee. MODEL RELEASED [1991]](https://www.menzelphoto.com/img-get2/I0000YtaL_VcwyY0/fill=/fit=180x180/I0000YtaL_VcwyY0.jpg)
![Physics: Proton Decay control room. Cleveland, Ohio, Morton Salt Mine proton decay detector located 600 meters underground in the Morton salt mine near Cleveland, Ohio, which consists of a massive tank containing 21 cubic meters of ultra pure water, its walls lined with photomultiplier tubes, which detect faint flashes of Cerenkov light emitted by the passage of charged particles. [1985]](https://www.menzelphoto.com/img-get2/I0000hJiHKLWLWCk/fill=/fit=180x180/I0000hJiHKLWLWCk.jpg)
![Physics: Lawrence Livermore National Lab in Livermore, California. New Materials research: thin multilayers (concave mirror for x-ray laser). [1991]](https://www.menzelphoto.com/img-get2/I0000NwlR.72RZL0/fill=/fit=180x180/I0000NwlR.72RZL0.jpg)
![Physics: Samuel C.C. Ting (b.1936), Project Director of the L-3 Detector Experiment at CERN's Large Electron- Positron Collider (LEP). Sam Ting won the 1976 Nobel Prize for physics (shared with Burton Richter), following his discovery of the J/Psi particle at the Brookhaven Laboratory in 1974. The J/Psi particle, and the Psi-prime particle discovered by Richter, implied the existence of two new quarks, Charm and anti-Charm. The L-3 experiment at CERN is designed to search for the fundamental particles of nature and the mechanism by which they receive their mass. MODEL RELEASED [1988]](https://www.menzelphoto.com/img-get2/I0000Avn.DVM7dhk/fill=/fit=180x180/I0000Avn.DVM7dhk.jpg)
![Physics: Scientist checking the sense wires of the muon detector inside the clean room of CERN's L-3 experiment during construction in [1988] The detector consists of 250, 000 beryllium and tungsten wires mounted in 80 chambers. A pair of positive and negative muons may be produced by the collision of an electron and a positron, the wires detect the muons and measure their momentum. The L-3 experiment is part of CERN's Large Electron- Positron Collider (LEP), inaugurated on 13 November 1989. [1988].](https://www.menzelphoto.com/img-get2/I0000Ov1.3kPVXew/fill=/fit=180x180/I0000Ov1.3kPVXew.jpg)
![Physics: Geneva, Switzerland. CERN: L-3 Experiment. A technician (K. Reismann) works inside the L3 detector at CERN, the European centre for particle physics near Geneva. The L-3 experiment is part of CERN's Large Electron- Positron Collider (LEP), inaugurated on 13 November 1989. L3 is one of 4 giant particle detectors at the LEP Collider. LEP collides electrons & positrons accelerated to an energy of 50 GeV in a circular tunnel 100m underground & 27km in circumference. L3 is a cylindrical assembly of many types of apparatus - hadron & electromagnetic calorimeters, drift chambers, & a time projection chamber - which fit together, like layers of an onion around the point where the particles collide. L3 is a collaboration of 460 physicists from institutions in 13 countries. Aachen Group. MODEL RELEASED [1988].](https://www.menzelphoto.com/img-get2/I000062_UPZRZ6zg/fill=/fit=180x180/I000062_UPZRZ6zg.jpg)
![The particle physics collaboration group in the detector pit of the L-3 experiment at CERN's Large Electron-Positron Collider (LEP) ring during its construction in [1988] (Sam Ting bottom left in trench coat.) The pit now contains detectors that can measure and identify the various electrons, muons and photons that are emitted following collision events. The main part of the detector is the large magnet, contained in a cubic space of 12 meters each side and weighing 7810 tons. The magnet surrounds the particle detectors; the vertex chamber, the electromagnetic calorimeter, the hadron calorimeter and the muon chamber. The LEP ring was inaugurated on 13 November 1989. The LEP ring was inaugurated on 13 November 1989. [1988].](https://www.menzelphoto.com/img-get2/I0000nfvRObjyXjY/fill=/fit=180x180/I0000nfvRObjyXjY.jpg)
