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  • Astronomer Geoff Marcy above the lights of the UC Berkeley Campus surrounded by light trails representing swooping eccentric orbits of exoplanets. Unlike the planets of our solar system, the orbits of most of the exoplanets Marcy and his team have discovered are squashed into shapes more like ovals, footballs, and cigars.
    USA_060516_044_rwx.jpg
  • Astronomer Geoff Marcy above the lights of the UC Berkeley Campus surrounded by light trails representing swooping eccentric orbits of exoplanets. Unlike the planets of our solar system, the orbits of most of the exoplanets Marcy and his team have discovered are squashed into shapes more like ovals, footballs, and cigars.
    USA_060516_040_rwx.jpg
  • Astronomer Geoff Marcy above the lights of the UC Berkeley Campus surrounded by light trails representing swooping eccentric orbits of exoplanets. Unlike the planets of our solar system, the orbits of most of the exoplanets Marcy and his team have discovered are squashed into shapes more like ovals, footballs, and cigars.
    USA_060516_032_xrw.jpg
  • Portrait of American microbiologist Jonas Edward Salk (born 1914), inventor of the first polio vaccine. In 1949 a method of culturing the poliovirus was discovered, making quantities available for experimentation. Salk began to work on a method of killing the virus in such a way as to make it incapable of causing the disease, but capable of causing the production of antibodies which would be active against the living virus. By 1952 he had prepared a vaccine he dared try on humans. The trials were successful and in 1954 the mass production of the Salk vaccine began. During a lecture at the Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, New York, 1989.
    USA_SCI_HGP_01_xs.jpg
  • Astronomer Geoff Marcy above the lights of the UC Berkeley Campus surrounded by light trails representing swooping eccentric orbits of exoplanets. Unlike the planets of our solar system, the orbits of most of the exoplanets Marcy and his team have discovered are squashed into shapes more like ovals, footballs, and cigars.
    USA_060516_037_xrw.jpg
  • James Dewey Watson (born 1928), American biochemist & co- discoverer of the structure of DNA. Watson graduated from Chicago University & obtained a PhD in 1950. He abandoned plans to become an ornithologist to work on problems in biochemistry & genetics. In 1951 he went to Cambridge, to work with Francis Crick on solving the problem of the structure of DNA. In 1953 they proposed a double helix structure for DNA, which earned them (with Maurice Wilkins) the 1962 Nobel Prize for Medicine. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, New York, where Watson was Director at the time of this photograph. MODEL RELEASED 1989. .ADVERTISING/COMMERCIAL USE REQUIRES CLEARANCE.
    USA_SCI_HGP_02_xs.jpg
  • James Dewey Watson (born 1928), American biochemist and co- discoverer of the structure of DNA. Watson graduated from Chicago University & obtained a PhD in 1950. He abandoned plans to become an ornithologist to work on problems in biochemistry & genetics. In 1951 he went to Cambridge, to work with Francis Crick on solving the problem of the structure of DNA. In 1953 they proposed a double helix structure for DNA, which earned them (with Maurice Wilkins) the 1962 Nobel Prize in Medicine. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, New York, where Watson was director at the time of this photograph. MODEL RELEASED 1989..Human Genome Project..ADVERTISING/COMMERCIAL USE REQUIRES CLEARANCE.
    USA_SCI_HGP_03_xs.jpg
  • Fossil mining. Research team members at Dinosaur Cove pin steel reinforcing mesh to the wall of their mine with long expansion bolts driven in by a jackhammer. Dinosaur Cove is situated near Cape Otway in southern Australia.  Dinosaur Cove is the world's first mine developed specifically for paleontology, normally the scientists rely on commercial mining to make the excavations. The site is of particular interest as the fossils found date from about 100 million years ago, when Australia was much closer to the South Pole than today [1989].
    AUS_SCI_DINO_37_xs.jpg
  • Circular computer scanner used to read sections of DNA sequencing autoradiograms for subsequent computer analysis, part of the human genome project studies at Cal Tech, Lee Hood Lab, USA. The term genome describes the full set of genes expressed by an organism's chromosomes. A gene is a section of DNA that instructs a cell to make a specific protein. The task of constructing such a complete blueprint of genetic information for humans is divided into two main phases: mapping genes and other markers on chromosomes, and decoding the DNA sequences of genes on all the chromosomes. Numerous laboratories worldwide are engaged on various aspects of genome research.
    USA_SCI_HGP_29_xs.jpg
  • Human Genome Project: Cal Tech, Lee Hood Lab. Computer monitor showing DNA Sequencing Gels: Computer Assisted.  (1989)
    USA_SCI_HGP_15_xs.jpg
  • (1992) Frank Nastasi plants a kiss on his horse Compadre's muzzle, which was DNA tested to prove his Thoroughbred bloodline. Pine Bourne Horse Farm, Long Island, NY. DNA Fingerprinting. MODEL RELEASED.
    USA_SCI_DNA_52_xs.jpg
  • (1992) Cell line cultures growing in warm room at the Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City, Utah. DNA Fingerprinting.
    USA_SCI_DNA_39_xs.jpg
  • (1992) In the New Jersey Children's hospital, Jean Givens sits with her adopted daughter, Cynthia, who has AIDS. Tests done with DNA amplification can immediately tell the presence of the virus. DNA Fingerprinting. MODEL RELEASED
    USA_SCI_DNA_34_xs.jpg
  • Lick Observatory on Mt. Hamilton. San Jose, California. Old computer equipment put out for recycling/trash pickup. Outside the 120-inch telescope. (Dome is lit by the full moon, 30-second exposure.)  Exoplanets & Planet Hunters
    USA_Lick_060513_194_rwx.jpg
  • Lick Observatory on Mt. Hamilton. San Jose, California. 120-inch telescope. Chris McCarthy, astronomer.  Exoplanets & Planet Hunters
    USA_Lick_060513_072_rwx.jpg
  • In his UC Berkeley, CA office, astronomer Geoff Marcy is discussing the effects of Einstein's theory of relativity in the measurements of the Doppler shift that allow his team to detect planets.   They make all of their observations from the Earth that moves so fast in its orbit around the Sun that they must include the theory of relativity in their calculations. Exoplanets & Planet Hunters.
    USA_060516_091_rwx.jpg
  • Fluorescence micrograph of human chromosomes showing the anonymous mapping of cloned fragments of DNA (DNA probes) on chromosome 6. The chromosomes are stained to give red fluorescence, with the DNA probes represented by regions of green/yellow fluorescence. Mapping chromosomes may be regarded as a physical survey of each chromosome to find the location of genes or other markers. Mapping & sequencing (decoding the base-pair sequence of all the DNA in each chromosome) are the two main phases of the human genome project, an ambitious plan to reveal all of the genetic information encoded by every human chromosome. Magnification: x12500 at 35mm size.
    USA_SCI_HGP_34_xs.jpg
  • Computer graphics space-filling representation of a section of a DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) molecule, the genetic material of most living organisms. The double helix of DNA may be regarded as a twisted ladder, the rungs of which are complementary pairs of organic bases: adenine pairs with thymine, cytosine with guanine. It is a precise sequence of DNA bases (a gene), which instructs cells to make a specific amino acid, chains of which form proteins. DNA is the major component of the chromosomes within a cell's nucleus and, through its control of protein synthesis, plays a central role in determining inherited characteristics. DNA computer model in Walter Gilbert's Lab.
    USA_SCI_HGP_32_xs.jpg
  • Computer graphics space-filling representation of a section of a DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) molecule, the genetic material of most living organisms. The double helix of DNA may be regarded as a twisted ladder, the rungs of which are complementary pairs of organic bases: adenine pairs with thymine, cytosine with guanine. It is a precise sequence of DNA bases (a gene), which instructs cells to make a specific amino acid, chains of which form proteins. DNA is the major component of the chromosomes within a cell's nucleus and, through its control of protein synthesis, plays a central role in determining inherited characteristics. DNA computer model in Walter Gilbert's Lab..Human Genome Project.
    USA_SCI_HGP_31_xs.jpg
  • Circular computer scanner used to read sections of DNA sequencing autoradiograms for subsequent computer analysis, part of the human genome project studies at Cal Tech, Lee Hood Lab, USA. The term genome describes the full set of genes expressed by an organism's chromosomes. A gene is a section of DNA that instructs a cell to make a specific protein. The task of constructing such a complete blueprint of genetic information for humans is divided into two main phases: mapping genes and other markers on chromosomes, and decoding the DNA sequences of genes on all the chromosomes. Numerous laboratories worldwide are engaged on various aspects of genome research.
    USA_SCI_HGP_30_xs.jpg
  • Human Genome Project: Charles R. Cantor and Cassandra Smith, American biologists, photographed in a laboratory at Columbia University, New York, in May 1989. Cantor's area of research is human genetics. With colleagues at Columbia, he has contributed to work on the human genome project, an ambitious plant to construct a complete biochemical document detailing every gene expressed on each of the 23 pairs of human chromosomes. Smith's area of research is human genetics. With colleagues at Columbia, she has contributed to work on the human genome project, an ambitious plant to construct a complete biochemical document detailing every gene expressed on each of the 23 pairs of human chromosomes. MODEL RELEASED.
    USA_SCI_HGP_28_xs.jpg
  • Human Genome Project: Columbia University. Charles R. Cantor. Charles Cantor, American biologist, photographed in a laboratory at Columbia University, New York, in May 1989. Cantor's area of research is human genetics. With colleagues at Columbia, he has contributed to work on the human genome project, an ambitious plant to construct a complete biochemical document detailing every gene expressed on each of the 23 pairs of human chromosomes. MODEL RELEASED (1989).
    USA_SCI_HGP_27_xs.jpg
  • Harvard scientist Walter Gilbert studying a DNA sequencing autoradiogram, made in the course of research associated with the human genome project. The term genome describes the full set of genes expressed by an organism's chromosomes. A gene is a section of DNA that instructs a cell to make a specific protein. The task of constructing such a complete blueprint of genetic information for humans is divided into two main phases: mapping genes and other markers on chromosomes, and decoding the DNA sequences of genes on all the chromosomes. Numerous laboratories worldwide are engaged on various aspects of genome research. MODEL RELEASED.
    USA_SCI_HGP_26_xs.jpg
  • Human Genome Project: Portrait of Leroy Hood, Caltech scientist. Leroy Hood is an American biologist. He won the 2003 Lemelson-MIT Prize for inventing "four instruments that have unlocked much of the mystery of human biology" by helping decode the genome. Hood also won the 2002 Kyoto Prize for Advanced Technology, and the 1987 Albert Lasker Award for Basic Medical Research. His inventions include the automated DNA sequencer, a device to create proteins and an automated tool for synthesizing DNA. Hood co-founded the Institute for Systems Biology. MODEL RELEASED (1989).
    USA_SCI_HGP_25_xs.jpg
  • Human Genome Project: Dr Jonathan Beckwith, American biologist, examining through a magnifying glass, a Petri dish containing a genetically- engineered colony of the bacteria, Escherichia coli, in his laboratory at Harvard Medical School. As a respected scientist working with genetic engineering technology, Beckwith is concerned about the social & legal implications of human genetic screening, an option that might arise from the successful completion of the human genome project - an ambitious plan to make a complete biochemical survey of every gene expressed on all the 23 pairs of human chromosomes. MODEL RELEASED (1989).
    USA_SCI_HGP_22_xs.jpg
  • Human Genome Project: Dr Jonathan Beckwith, American biologist. As a respected scientist working with genetic engineering technology, Beckwith is concerned about the social & legal implications of human genetic screening, an option that might arise from the successful completion of the human genome project - an ambitious plan to make a complete biochemical survey of every gene expressed on all the 23 pairs of human chromosomes. MODEL RELEASED (1989).
    USA_SCI_HGP_21_xs.jpg
  • Research on the human genome: composite image of an infant and a computer graphics model of the DNA molecule overlaid on a computer enhanced DNA sequencing autoradiogram. DNA sequencing of chromosomes involves decoding the base pair sequence of sections of DNA - most usefully, those sections called genes which encode specific proteins. Sequencing and mapping - surveying each of the 23 pairs of human chromosomes to locate genes or other important markers - are two phases in the human genome project. The construction of such a complete genetic map involves a detailed biochemical survey of every gene expressed on all 23 pairs of human chromosomes.  (1989).
    USA_SCI_HGP_17_xs.jpg
  • Human Genome Project: Columbia University. Charles Cantor, American biologist, photographed in a laboratory at Columbia University, New York, in May 1989. Cantor's area of research is human genetics. With colleagues at Columbia, he has contributed to work on the human genome project, an ambitious plant to construct a complete biochemical document detailing every gene expressed on each of the 23 pairs of human chromosomes. MODEL RELEASED (1989).
    USA_SCI_HGP_10_xs.jpg
  • Research on the human genome: Dr Peter Lichter, of Yale Medical School, using a light microscope to do fine mapping of long DNA fragments on human chromosomes using a technique known as non- radioactive in-situ hybridization. The chromosomes appear in red on the monitor screen, whilst the DNA fragments (called probes) appear yellow/green. Mapping chromosomes may be regarded as a physical survey of each chromosome to find the location of genes or other markers. Mapping & sequencing are the two main phases of the genome project; an ambitious plan to build a complete blueprint of human genetic information..Human Genome Project.
    USA_SCI_HGP_07_xs.jpg
  • (1992) Darting Right Whales, 40 miles south of Cape Sable Island. A bow and arrow are used to ?dart??take skin samples?from right whales for population management study through DNA analysis. Some blubber samples are taken with hollow-tipped arrows. Nova Scotia, Canada. DNA Fingerprinting.
    USA_SCI_DNA_55_xs.jpg
  • (1992) Winston Hearst, who found Anasazi Indian corn in the Spirit Cave Ruins in Utah. The 1000-year-old corn was DNA fingerprinted and later matched to a genetically similar corn from Colorado. MODEL RELEASED.
    USA_SCI_DNA_54_xs.jpg
  • (1992) The white rhino "Dinka" at the San Diego Wild Animal Park, San Diego, CA. White rhinos were proven to be a separate species by DNA fingerprinting.
    USA_SCI_DNA_53_xs.jpg
  • (1992) At the San Diego Zoo in California, veterinarians draw blood from Galapagos tortoises for DNA fingerprinting. The samples will be used to repopulate the islands with the correct species. DNA Fingerprinting.
    USA_SCI_DNA_50_xs.jpg
  • (1992) A copulating pair of monkeys. Using Rhesus monkeys, the National Institute of Health is attempting to develop retro-viral free (Herpes-B free) monkeys because virus-carrying monkeys can throw off test results. The goal is to minimize inbreeding to insure a pure test breed.  Human probes are being used to identify polymorphism in monkeys, and the monkeys' blood samples are DNA fingerprinted.  Monkeys are moved among half-acre outdoor pens and other smaller cages thereby minimizing inbreeding. University of California Davis, Department of Anthropology. DNA Fingerprinting.
    USA_SCI_DNA_48_xs.jpg
  • (1992) Using Rhesus monkeys, the National Institute of Health is attempting to develop retro-viral free (Herpes-B free) monkeys because virus-carrying monkeys can throw off test results. The goal is to minimize inbreeding to insure a pure test breed.  Human probes are being used to identify polymorphism in monkeys, and the monkeys' blood samples are DNA fingerprinted.  Monkeys are moved among half-acre outdoor pens and other smaller cages thereby minimizing inbreeding. University of California Davis, Department of Anthropology. DNA Fingerprinting.
    USA_SCI_DNA_45_xs.jpg
  • (1992) Elephant seals at Ano Nuevo State Reserve in California. Skin samples are collected for the Dr. B. Leboef study to determine if high social dominance is correlated to reproductive success and if the proportion of copulations a male obtains is proportional to the number of offspring sired. DNA Fingerprinting.
    USA_SCI_DNA_41_xs.jpg
  • (1992) At the California Department of Corrections medical facility, in Vacaville California, prisoners entering in the system have their blood drawn for DNA records. DNA Fingerprinting.
    USA_SCI_DNA_36_xs.jpg
  • (1992) Fred Hutchinson cancer research center. Bone Marrow recipient Jirka Rydl awaiting transplant donor found thru DNA fingerprinting. The bands (black) on the autoradiograms show the sequence of bases in a sample of DNA. DNA Fingerprinting. MODEL RELEASED
    USA_SCI_DNA_35_xs.jpg
  • (1992) AIDS research conducted at Cetus Corporation in Emeryville, California, using PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) analysis. DNA Fingerprinting..
    USA_SCI_DNA_27_xs.jpg
  • (1992) Mummy's DNA testing. Dr. Svante Paabo taking a sample from a 2000 year old mummy's foot for DNA analysis. DNA obtained from the foot was compared with DNA from present day Egyptians and people from surrounding countries. This is part of research into the amount of ethnic mixing within the population of the upper Nile region. The mummy is about 2000 years old. University of California at Berkeley.  DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) is the molecule responsible for carrying the genetic code, which is slightly different in every individual. Familial traits can be traced by studying the differences. Taking DNA from preserved humans gives a good account of how humans spread across the world. ). MODEL RELEASED
    USA_SCI_DNA_25_xs.jpg
  • (1992) Forensic science. Sarah Garlow doing presumptive testing for the presence of blood on a 357 magnum.  For a liquid blood examination, Stuart Cohen is crushing the clot of whole blood sample for DNA sampling. ). MODEL RELEASED.
    USA_SCI_DNA_23_xs.jpg
  • (1992) DNA fingerprinting. Lauren Galbreath, a laboratory technician making a visual check of a DNA autoradiograph (autorads). Autorads are produced by labeling the DNA fragments in an electrophoresis gel with a radioactive marker chemical. The gel is then placed on a piece of X- ray film; the radiation from the marker leaves a dark patch, representing each fragment, on the film after development. Comparison of autorads from two samples of DNA is the method by which a correlation may be made - so-called DNA fingerprinting. Tarrytown New York State, USA. MODEL RELEASED
    USA_SCI_DNA_21_xs.jpg
  • (1992) Karen Garner preparing a gorilla hair for analysis using PCR (polymerase chain reaction).  This hair is from Peanuts, a silverback male mountain gorilla (named by Dian Fossey) who died May 1, 1989, at about age 29.  The study is being done to assess the level of genetic diversity in gorilla populations, to clarify gorilla classification at the subspecies level, and to develop methods for pedigree determination. The bands (black) on the autoradiograms show the sequence of bases in a sample of DNA. At the San Diego Zoo in California. DNA Fingerprinting. MODEL RELEASED
    USA_SCI_DNA_20_xs.jpg
  • (1992) Microbiologist, Tom Brock at Octopus Spring and White Creek (Great Fountain Area) where he found the bacteria Thermus Aquaticus (TAQ 1), which is used in a process to amplify DNA called polymerase chain reaction (PCR). His discovery made automated PCR possible.  Here he was studying the out-flow channels of boiling hot springs. DNA Fingerprinting. MODEL RELEASED
    USA_SCI_DNA_14_xs.jpg
  • Lick Observatory on Mt. Hamilton. San Jose, California. Chris McCarthy, astronomer, with the 120-inch telescope.
    USA_Lick_060513_263_rwx.jpg
  • Lick Observatory on Mt. Hamilton. San Jose, California. 120-inch telescope. Telescope operator, Bernie Walp, aims the 120-inch telescope at star HR3982, Rugulus, the brightest star in the Constellation Leo.
    USA_Lick_060513_228_rwx.jpg
  • Lick Observatory on Mt. Hamilton. San Jose, California. Old computer equipment put out for recycling/trash pickup. Outside the 120-inch telescope. (Dome is lit by the full moon, 30-second exposure.)  Exoplanets & Planet Hunters
    USA_Lick_060513_205_rwx.jpg
  • Lick Observatory on Mt. Hamilton. San Jose, California. Old computer equipment put out for recycling/trash pickup. Outside the 120-inch telescope. (Dome is lit by the full moon, 30-second exposure.)  Exoplanets & Planet Hunters
    USA_Lick_060513_201_rwx.jpg
  • Lick Observatory on Mt. Hamilton. San Jose, California. 120-inch telescope.
    USA_Lick_060513_159_rwx.jpg
  • Lick Observatory on Mt. Hamilton. San Jose, California. 120-inch telescope.
    USA_Lick_060513_110_rwx.jpg
  • Chris McCarthy, astronomer, having his dinner in the dining hall of the Lick Observatory on Mt. Hamilton. San Jose, California. Chris stays at the observatory for 4 nights in a row. The cook, Dennise Casey, makes him a 'night lunch' (in paper bag) every evening since he works all night at the 120-inch telescope. His night lunch consists of 2 sandwiches, fruit, potato or corn chips and 3 cookies. Chris is a vegetarian.  Exoplanets & Planet Hunters
    USA_Lick_060513_103_rwx.jpg
  • Chris McCarthy, astronomer, having his dinner in the dining hall of the Lick Observatory on Mt. Hamilton. San Jose, California. Chris stays at the observatory for 4 nights in a row. The cook, Dennise Casey, makes him a 'night lunch' (in paper bag) every evening since he works all night at the 120-inch telescope. His night lunch consists of 2 sandwiches, fruit, potato or corn chips and 3 cookies. Chris is a vegetarian.  Exoplanets & Planet Hunters
    USA_Lick_060513_087_rwx.jpg
  • This is the "iodine cell," a device developed and perfected by Butler, Marcy, and instrument specialist Steven Vogt of the University of California, Santa Cruz. When light from a star passes through the iodine, molecules in the hot vapor absorb parts of the light at very specific energies. Then, a specially etched slab of glass spreads the starlight into a glorious rainbow spectrum?like a prism held up to the sun, but with exquisitely fine detail. Because the iodine has subtracted bits of the light, a forest of dark black lines covers the spectrum like a long supermarket bar code. "It's like holding the star up to a piece of graph paper," McCarthy says. "The iodine lines never move. So if the star moves, we use the iodine lines as a ruler against which to measure that motion."  Iodine cell.  Lick Observatory on Mt. Hamilton. San Jose, California. 120-inch telescope. Exoplanets & Planet Hunters.
    USA_Lick_060513_032_B_rwx.jpg
  • The roof of Cambell Hall at UC Berkeley (California) with a 14 inch telescope. The University Campanile is in the background. Geoff Marcy and his team have detected a large number of exoplanets using data collected from large telescopes at other sites.  Exoplanets & Planet Hunters
    USA_060516_122_rwx.jpg
  • Astronomer Geoff Marcy on the roof of Cambell Hall at UC Berkeley (California) with 14 inch telescopes. Marcy and his team have detected a large number of exoplanets using data collected from large telescopes at other sites.  Exoplanets & Planet Hunters
    USA_060516_107_rwx.jpg
  • A mining engineer sets off an explosive charge deep inside a mine. The explosives dislodge large pieces of rock from the working face of the mine. When the dust has settled, these rocks are removed and checked for fossil remains. Dinosaur Cove is the world's first mine developed specifically for paleontology, normally the scientists rely on commercial mining to make the excavations. The site is of particular interest as the fossils found date from about 100 million years ago, when Australia was much closer to the South Pole than today. [1989].
    AUS_SCI_DINO_36_xs.jpg
  • Rebecca Norton, an experienced miner, sets dynamite charges. Cape Otway, southern Australia.  Dinosaur Cove is the world's first mine developed specifically for paleontology, normally the scientists rely on commercial mining to make the excavations. The site is of particular interest as the fossils found date from about 100 million years ago, when Australia was much closer to the South Pole than today. MODEL RELEASED [1989]
    AUS_SCI_DINO_35_xs.jpg
  • Nick Van Klavern, member of the Dinosaur Cove excavation team, remove a fossil with a rock saw. Cape Otway, southern Australia.  Dinosaur Cove is the world's first mine developed specifically for paleontology, normally the scientists rely on commercial mining to make the excavations. The site is of particular interest as the fossils found date from about 100 million years ago, when Australia was much closer to the South Pole than today. MODEL RELEASED [1989]
    AUS_SCI_DINO_34_xs.jpg
  • Research on the human genome: laboratory at Columbia University, Lee Hood Lab, New York, showing row of electrophoresis gels used for DNA sequencing experiments on human chromosomes. DNA sequencing involves decoding the base pair sequence of sections of DNA - most usefully, those sections called genes which encode specific proteins. Sequencing and mapping - surveying each of the 23 pairs of human chromosomes to locate genes or other important markers - are two phases in the human genome project. Constructing such a complete genetic map involves a detailed biochemical survey of every gene expressed on all 23 pairs of human chromosomes.
    USA_SCI_HGP_33_xs.jpg
  • James Dewey Watson (born 1928), American biochemist and co-discoverer of the structure of DNA. Watson graduated from Chicago University & obtained a PhD in 1950. He abandoned plans to become an ornithologist to work on problems in biochemistry & genetics. In 1951 he went to Cambridge, to work with Francis Crick on solving the problem of the structure of DNA. In 1953 they proposed a double helix structure for DNA, which earned them (with Maurice Wilkins) the 1962 Nobel Prize in Medicine. Jones Laboratory at Cold Spring Harbor, New York, where Watson is Director. It was intended for use as one image. MODEL RELEASED 1989. ADVERTISING/COMMERCIAL USE REQUIRES CLEARANCE.
    USA_SCI_HGP_24_xs.jpg
  • Human Genome Project: Cal Tech, Lee Hood Lab. Reading DNA Sequencing Gels: Computer Assisted.  1989.
    USA_SCI_HGP_23_xs.jpg
  • Montage of a fluorescence micrograph of human chromosomes showing the mapping of cloned fragments of DNA (DNA probes), overlaid with the silhouette of an infant & a computer graphics model of the DNA molecule. The chromosomes are stained to give red fluorescence; with the DNA probes represented as small regions of green/yellow fluorescence. Mapping chromosomes may be regarded as a physical survey of each chromosome to find the location of genes or other markers. DNA mapping is one phase of the human genome project, an ambitious plan to reveal all of the genetic information encoded by every human chromosome.
    USA_SCI_HGP_18_xs.jpg
  • Scientist works in a darkroom; preparing to photograph an agarose electrophoresis gel used in mapping DNA extracted from chromosomes of the bacteria Escherichia coli. DNA mapping refers to a physical survey of each of an organism's chromosomes in an attempt to locate genes or other landmarks. Mapping and sequencing (decoding the DNA base-pair sequences of chromosomes) are the two phases of the human genome project, an ambitious plan to reveal all of the information encoded in the 23 pairs of human chromosomes.  Dr Jonathan Beckwith's laboratory at Harvard, USA, May 1989.
    USA_SCI_HGP_13_xs.jpg
  • Research on the human genome: Leroy Hood at CalTech with a Programmable Autonomously Controlled Electrode (PACE), which was developed in the CalTech lab. Pasadena, California. MODEL RELEASED (1989).Human Genome Project.
    USA_SCI_HGP_12_xs.jpg
  • Human Genome Project: .Human Genome research scientist Kai Wand with PACE (Programmable controlled electrophoresis system) in his California Technical Institute Lab, USA. (1989).
    USA_SCI_HGP_11_xs.jpg
  • Research on the human genome: Caltech scientist Leroy Hood preparing an electrophoresis gel used in a computer-controlled system for DNA sequencing of human chromosomes. DNA sequencing involves decoding the base pair sequence of sections of DNA encode specific proteins. Sequencing and mapping chromosomes to locate genes or other important markers - are two phases in the human genome project. The human genome is a complete genetic blueprint - a detailed plan of every gene expressed on all 23 pairs of chromosomes. MODEL RELEASED (1989).
    USA_SCI_HGP_08_xs.jpg
  • Los Alamos National Lab, New Mexico. Research in the flow cytometry lab - sorting chromosomes for DNA Library. The counting of cells is called cytometry. Flow cytometry characterizes single cells as they pass at high speed through a laser beam. Speeds of up to 50,000 cells a second can be measured. The scattering of the laser beam provides a way to identify the cells. Many other characteristics, such as shape and surface texture can also be measured. The cells are then sorted as electrically charged droplets. This also purifies the samples. (1989).Human Genome Project.
    USA_SCI_HGP_06_xs.jpg
  • (1992) Using Rhesus monkeys, the National Institute of Health is attempting to develop retro-viral free (Herpes-B free) monkeys because virus-carrying monkeys can throw off test results. The goal is to minimize inbreeding to insure a pure test breed.  Human probes are being used to identify polymorphism in monkeys, and the monkeys' blood samples are DNA fingerprinted.  Monkeys are moved among half-acre outdoor pens and other smaller cages thereby minimizing inbreeding. University of California Davis, Department of Anthropology. DNA Fingerprinting..
    USA_SCI_DNA_49_xs.jpg
  • (1992) Using Rhesus monkeys, the National Institute of Health is attempting to develop retro-viral free (Herpes-B free) monkeys because virus-carrying monkeys can throw off test results. The goal is to minimize inbreeding to insure a pure test breed.  Human probes are being used to identify polymorphism in monkeys, and the monkeys' blood samples are DNA fingerprinted.  Monkeys are moved among half-acre outdoor pens and other smaller cages thereby minimizing inbreeding. University of California Davis, Department of Anthropology. DNA Fingerprinting.
    USA_SCI_DNA_47_xs.jpg
  • (1992) Using Rhesus monkeys, the National Institute of Health is attempting to develop retro-viral free (Herpes-B free) monkeys because virus-carrying monkeys can throw off test results. The goal is to minimize inbreeding to insure a pure test breed.  Human probes are being used to identify polymorphism in monkeys, and the monkeys' blood samples are DNA fingerprinted.  Monkeys are moved among half-acre outdoor pens and other smaller cages thereby minimizing inbreeding. University of California Davis, Department of Anthropology. DNA Fingerprinting..
    USA_SCI_DNA_46_xs.jpg
  • (1992) Lawyers, Peter Neufeld (left) and Barry Scheck have become experts on the legal aspects of DNA fingerprinting challenging statistical probability. They are pictured in Yankee Stadium in New York. MODEL RELEASED
    USA_SCI_DNA_37_xs.jpg
  • Howard Hughes medical institute. Salt Lake City, Utah. Lisa Nelson with robot loading DNA with Bromophenol onto gels. John Bird scoring autoradiograms. The bands (black) on the autoradiograms show the sequence of bases in a sample of DNA. DNA Fingerprinting.
    USA_SCI_DNA_33_xs.jpg
  • (1992) Ray White in his lab at the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, with the genetic map of his family used in his "linkage strategy". DNA Fingerprinting. MODEL RELEASED
    USA_SCI_DNA_32_xs.jpg
  • (1992) Cetus Corporation (CA) "Thermo-Cycler", using TAQ-1 bacterium amplifies DNA Millionfold overnight using P.C.R. (Polymerase chain reaction). DNA Fingerprinting.
    USA_SCI_DNA_29_xs.jpg
  • (1992) Leslie Jerominski trypsinizing hybred cells and expanding them to larger Flasks (trypsin enzyme) in Ray White's lab.  Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Salt Lake City, Utah. DNA Fingerprinting. MODEL RELEASED.
    USA_SCI_DNA_28_xs.jpg
  • (1992) F.B.I. serology lab, Washington, DC.  Sarah Garlow doing presumptive testing for the presence of blood on a 357 magnum.  For a liquid blood examination, Stuart Cohen is crushing the clot of whole blood sample for DNA sampling. ). DNA Fingerprinting. MODEL RELEASED
    USA_SCI_DNA_24_xs.jpg
  • (1992) DNA fingerprinting. Lauren Galbreath, a laboratory technician making a visual check of a DNA autoradiograph (autorads). Autorads are produced by labeling the DNA fragments in an electrophoresis gel with a radioactive marker chemical. The gel is then placed on a piece of X- ray film; the radiation from the marker leaves a dark patch, representing each fragment, on the film after development. Comparison of autorads from two samples of DNA is the method by which a correlation may be made - so-called DNA fingerprinting. Tarrytown New York State, USA. MODEL RELEASED
    USA_SCI_DNA_22_xs.jpg
  • (1992) A tiny glob of DNA floating in solution in a vial at Cellmark Diagnostics, England's first commercial DNA fingerprinting lab. . DNA consists of two sugar- phosphate backbones, arranged in a double helix, linked by nucleotide bases.
    USA_SCI_DNA_18_xs.jpg
  • (1992) David Viskochil collects super coiled DNA from cesium chloride gradients (separates plasmid DNA from bacterial chromosomal DNA). . DNA consists of two sugar- phosphate backbones, arranged in a double helix, linked by nucleotide bases. There are 4 types of base; adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G) and thymine (T). Sequences of these bases make up genes, which encode an organism's genetic information. Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah. DNA Fingerprinting..
    USA_SCI_DNA_16_xs.jpg
  • .COMPOSITE PHOTO. Lick Observatory on Mt. Hamilton. San Jose, California. Chris McCarthy, astronomer, with the 120-inch telescope. THIS IMAGE COMBINES TWO DIFFERENT EXPOSURES OF THE TELESCOPE AND DOME IN THE BACKGROUND. SEE 268 AND 263 FOR ORIGINAL IMAGES.  Exoplanets & Planet Hunters
    USA_Lickcomb_060513_263_rwx.jpg
  • .COMPOSITE PHOTO. Lick Observatory on Mt. Hamilton. San Jose, California. Chris McCarthy, astronomer, with the 120-inch telescope. THIS IMAGE COMBINES TWO DIFFERENT EXPOSURES OF THE TELESCOPE AND DOME IN THE BACKGROUND. SEE 263 AND 268 FOR ORIGINAL IMAGES.  Exoplanets & Planet Hunters
    USA_Lickcomb_060513_263_268_rwx.jpg
  • Lick Observatory on Mt. Hamilton. San Jose, California. 120-inch telescope.  Exoplanets & Planet Hunters
    USA_Lick_060513_268_rwx.jpg
  • Lick Observatory on Mt. Hamilton. San Jose, California. 120-inch telescope.  Exoplanets & Planet Hunters
    USA_Lick_060513_176_rwx.jpg
  • Lick Observatory on Mt. Hamilton. San Jose, California. 120-inch telescope.  Exoplanets & Planet Hunters
    USA_Lick_060513_174_rwx.jpg
  • View of San Jose and Silicon Valley from the Lick Observatory on Mt. Hamilton. San Jose, California.
    USA_Lick_060513_169_rwx.jpg
  • Chris McCarthy, astronomer, having his dinner in the dining hall of the Lick Observatory on Mt. Hamilton. San Jose, California. Chris stays at the observatory for 4 nights in a row. The cook, Dennise Casey, makes him a 'night lunch' (in paper bag) every evening since he works all night at the 120-inch telescope. His night lunch consists of 2 sandwiches, fruit, potato or corn chips and 3 cookies. Chris is a vegetarian.  Exoplanets & Planet Hunters
    USA_Lick_060513_094_rwx.jpg
  • Lick Observatory on Mt. Hamilton. San Jose, California. 120-inch telescope. Chris McCarthy, astronomer.  Exoplanets & Planet Hunters
    USA_Lick_060513_048_rwx.jpg
  • Astronomer Geoff Marcy on the roof of Cambell Hall at UC Berkeley (California) with 14 inch telescopes. Marcy and his team have detected a large number of exoplanets using data collected from large telescopes at other sites.  Exoplanets & Planet Hunters
    USA_060516_165_rwx.jpg
  • Astronomer Geoff Marcy on the roof of Cambell Hall at UC Berkeley (California) with 14 inch telescopes. Marcy and his team have detected a large number of exoplanets using data collected from large telescopes at other sites.  Exoplanets & Planet Hunters
    USA_060516_135_rwx.jpg
  • In his UC Berkeley, CA office, astronomer Geoff Marcy is discussing the effects of Einstein's theory of relativity in the measurements of the Doppler shift that allow his team to detect planets.   They make all of their observations from the Earth that moves so fast in its orbit around the Sun that they must include the theory of relativity in their calculations. Exoplanets & Planet Hunters.
    USA_060516_080_rwx.jpg
  • In his UC Berkeley, CA office, astronomer Geoff Marcy is discussing the effects of Einstein's theory of relativity in the measurements of the Doppler shift that allow his team to detect planets.   They make all of their observations from the Earth that moves so fast in its orbit around the Sun that they must include the theory of relativity in their calculations. Exoplanets & Planet Hunters.
    USA_060516_072_rwx.jpg
  • Conical flask containing a swirling vortex of liquid; one item of equipment used in Charles Cantor's laboratory at Columbia University, New York, in research on the human genome project. Colored radiograms used in DNA sequencing are visible in background to the left of the flask. The term "genome" describes the full set of genes expressed by an organism's chromosomes. The task of constructing such a complete blueprint of genetic information for humans is divided into two main phases: mapping genes and other markers on chromosomes, and decoding the DNA sequences of genes on all the chromosomes.
    USA_SCI_HGP_20_xs.jpg
  • Fluorescence micrograph of human chromosomes showing the mapping of cloned fragments of DNA (DNA probes) to the long arms of chromosome 11. In this image, the chromosomes are stained to give red fluorescence, with the probes appearing as areas of green/yellow fluorescence on the ends of the chromosomes. Mapping chromosomes may be regarded as a physical survey of each chromosome to find the location of genes or other markers. Mapping & sequencing (decoding the base-pair sequence of all the DNA in each chromosome) are the two main phases of the human genome project, an ambitious plan to reveal all of the genetic information encoded by every human chromosome.
    USA_SCI_HGP_19_xs.jpg
  • Research on the human genome: composite image of an infant and a computer graphics model of the DNA molecule overlaid on a computer enhanced DNA sequencing autoradiogram. DNA sequencing of chromosomes involves decoding the base pair sequence of sections of DNA - most usefully, those sections called genes which encode specific proteins. Sequencing and mapping - surveying each of the 23 pairs of human chromosomes to locate genes or other important markers - are two phases in the human genome project. The construction of such a complete genetic map involves a detailed biochemical survey of every gene expressed on all 23 pairs of human chromosomes. (1989).
    USA_SCI_HGP_16_xs.jpg
  • Human Genome Project: Columbia University. Charles Cantor, American biologist, photographed in a laboratory at Columbia University, New York, in May 1989. Cantor's area of research is human genetics. With colleagues at Columbia, he has contributed to work on the human genome project, an ambitious plant to construct a complete biochemical document detailing every gene expressed on each of the 23 pairs of human chromosomes. MODEL RELEASED (1989).
    USA_SCI_HGP_09_xs.jpg
  • (1992) Elephant seals at Ano Nuevo State Reserve in California. Skin samples are collected for the Dr. B. Leboef study to determine if high social dominance is correlated to reproductive success and if the proportion of copulations a male obtains is proportional to the number of offspring sired. DNA Fingerprinting..
    USA_SCI_DNA_43_xs.jpg
  • (1992) Elephant seals at Ano Nuevo State Reserve in California. Skin samples are collected for the Dr. B. Leboef study to determine if high social dominance is correlated to reproductive success and if the proportion of copulations a male obtains is proportional to the number of offspring sired. DNA Fingerprinting.
    USA_SCI_DNA_42_xs.jpg
  • (1992) Karen Garner preparing a gorilla hair for analysis using PCR (polymerase chain reaction).  This hair is from Peanuts, a silverback male mountain gorilla (named by Dian Fossey) who died May 1, 1989, at about age 29.  The study is being done to assess the level of genetic diversity in gorilla populations, to clarify gorilla classification at the subspecies level, and to develop methods for pedigree determination. The bands (black) on the autoradiograms show the sequence of bases in a sample of DNA. At the San Diego Zoo in California. DNA Fingerprinting..
    USA_SCI_DNA_40_xs.jpg
  • (1992) DNA testing of a mummy's foot. Dr. Svante Paabo takes a sample from a mummified foot for analysis by DNA sequencing. DNA obtained from the foot was compared with DNA from present day Egyptians and people from surrounding countries. This is part of research into the amount of ethnic mixing within the population of the upper Nile region. The mummy is about 2000 years old. University of California at Berkeley. DNA Fingerprinting. MODEL RELEASED
    USA_SCI_DNA_31_xs.jpg
  • (1992) Matt McCoy (front) and Mark Bodee extract DNA from fetal tissues and blood and semen stains at Cellmark Diagnostics in Germantown, Maryland. ). DNA consists of two sugar- phosphate backbones, arranged in a double helix, linked by nucleotide bases. There are 4 types of base; adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G) and thymine (T). Sequences of these bases make up genes, which encode an organism's genetic information. DNA Fingerprinting. MODEL RELEASED.
    USA_SCI_DNA_26_xs.jpg
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