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Peter Menzel Photography
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![Proton decay experiment to determine the ultimate stability of matter..Proton decay. A technician [works with] a 20" (50cm) photomultiplier tube used in the search for proton decay. Hundreds of such tubes line a tank containing 9000 tons of water some 1000 meters underground in a zinc mine in Japan. Tokyo University's Kamiokande experiment was designed to look for decaying protons. If a proton decays, the charged particles it generates move through the water faster than light, and so generate blue 'Cerenkov' radiation. It is this that the photomultipliers detect. Computers then decide whether the event was a decay, or a collision with a solar neutrino. Japan. (1985)](https://www.menzelphoto.com/img-get2/I0000uvdBlshQGUM/fill=/fit=180x180/I0000uvdBlshQGUM.jpg)
![Burton Richter (born 1931), American physicist and director of the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center (SLAC) since 1984. Richter has drawn the letter Z with his torch light, representing the Z-zero particle, one of the mediators of the weak nuclear force. In the 1960s, Richter worked on the Stanford electron storage rings, the first accelerator to collide subatomic particles together. In 1970-72, he directed the building of the SPEAR electron- positron Collider at SLAC, which yielded his discovery of the J/psi particle in 1974. For this work, Richter shared the 1976 Nobel prize in physics with Sam Ting, whose team at Brookhaven had also found the same particle. MODEL RELEASED [1986].](https://www.menzelphoto.com/img-get2/I00008NZBHoJRhu0/fill=/fit=180x180/I00008NZBHoJRhu0.jpg)
![Physics: Samuel C.C. Ting (b.1936), Project Director of the L-3 Detector Experiment at CERN's Large Electron- Positron Collider (LEP). Sam Ting won the 1976 Nobel Prize for physics (shared with Burton Richter), following his discovery of the J/Psi particle at the Brookhaven Laboratory in 1974. The J/Psi particle, and the Psi-prime particle discovered by Richter, implied the existence of two new quarks, Charm and anti-Charm. The L-3 experiment at CERN is designed to search for the fundamental particles of nature and the mechanism by which they receive their mass. MODEL RELEASED [1988]](https://www.menzelphoto.com/img-get2/I0000Avn.DVM7dhk/fill=/fit=180x180/I0000Avn.DVM7dhk.jpg)
![Physics: British theoretical physicist Professor Peter Higgs seen in the Café Royal Pub in Edinburgh, Scotland (b. 1929). In 1964, Higgs predicted the existence of a new type of fundamental particle, commonly called the Higgs boson. This particle is required by many of the current Grand Unified Theories (or GUTs), which hope to explain three of the fundamental forces (electromagnetism, the weak & the strong nuclear forces) in a single unified theory. The Higgs boson is yet to be detected experimentally, but it is one of the main challenges of high-energy particle accelerators now being built. Higgs is professor of theoretical physics at Edinburgh University. MODEL RELEASED [1988]](https://www.menzelphoto.com/img-get2/I0000jJHcENJP6S8/fill=/fit=180x180/I0000jJHcENJP6S8.jpg)
![Physics: British theoretical physicist Professor Peter Higgs in his University office in Edinburgh, Scotland (b. 1929). In 1964, Higgs predicted the existence of a new type of fundamental particle, commonly called the Higgs boson. This particle is required by many of the current Grand Unified Theories (or GUTs), which hope to explain three of the fundamental forces (electromagnetism, the weak & the strong nuclear forces) in a single unified theory. The Higgs boson is yet to be detected experimentally, but it is one of the main challenges of high-energy particle accelerators now being built. Higgs is professor of theoretical physics at Edinburgh University. MODEL RELEASED [1988]](https://www.menzelphoto.com/img-get2/I0000YRHmsw8UyLc/fill=/fit=180x180/I0000YRHmsw8UyLc.jpg)
![Physics: British theoretical physicist Professor Peter Higgs seen in Holyrood Park overlooking Edinburgh, Scotland (b. 1929). In 1964, Higgs predicted the existence of a new type of fundamental particle, commonly called the Higgs boson. This particle is required by many of the current Grand Unified Theories (or GUTs), which hope to explain three of the fundamental forces (electromagnetism, the weak & the strong nuclear forces) in a single unified theory. The Higgs boson is yet to be detected experimentally, but it is one of the main challenges of high-energy particle accelerators now being built. Higgs is professor of theoretical physics at Edinburgh University. MODEL RELEASED [1988]](https://www.menzelphoto.com/img-get2/I0000K8TTz2JFDyw/fill=/fit=180x180/I0000K8TTz2JFDyw.jpg)
![Physics: Assembly of Bismuth Germanium Oxide (BGO) Crystal for the L-3 experiment at CERN. BGO (formula Bi4 Ge3 O12) is used to detect electrons and photons generated by electron- positron collisions in the LEP Collider ring. When an electron or photon enters the crystal, its energy is converted into light. The light is channeled by the crystal to photodiodes, producing an electronic signal. 11, 000 crystals, totaling 12 tons in weight, are used in the detector, measuring the energy and position of the incoming particles at very high resolution. The LEP and L- 3 detector were inaugurated on 13 November 1989. Geneva, Switzerland..CERN is the European centre for particle physics near Geneva. L3 is one of 4 giant particle detectors at the LEP Collider. LEP collides electrons & positrons accelerated to an energy of 50 GeV in a circular tunnel 100m underground & 27km in circumference. L3 is a cylindrical assembly of many types of apparatus - hadron & electromagnetic calorimeters, drift chambers, & a time projection chamber - which fit together like layers of an onion around the point where the particles collide. L3 is a collaboration of 460 physicists from institutions in 13 countries. MODEL RELEASED [1988]](https://www.menzelphoto.com/img-get2/I0000aijwUd.DOQo/fill=/fit=180x180/I0000aijwUd.DOQo.jpg)
![Physics: British theoretical physicist Professor Peter Higgs seen in Holyrood Park in Edinburgh, Scotland (b. 1929). In 1964, Higgs predicted the existence of a new type of fundamental particle, commonly called the Higgs boson. This particle is required by many of the current Grand Unified Theories (or GUTs), which hope to explain three of the fundamental forces (electromagnetism, the weak & the strong nuclear forces) in a single unified theory. The Higgs boson is yet to be detected experimentally, but it is one of the main challenges of high-energy particle accelerators now being built. Higgs is professor of theoretical physics at Edinburgh University. MODEL RELEASED [1988]](https://www.menzelphoto.com/img-get2/I0000sRBcGi41d7E/fill=/fit=180x180/I0000sRBcGi41d7E.jpg)
![Physics: British theoretical physicist Professor Peter Higgs seen in Holyrood Park overlooking Edinburgh, Scotland (b. 1929). In 1964, Higgs predicted the existence of a new type of fundamental particle, commonly called the Higgs boson. This particle is required by many of the current Grand Unified Theories (or GUTs), which hope to explain three of the fundamental forces (electromagnetism, the weak & the strong nuclear forces) in a single unified theory. The Higgs boson is yet to be detected experimentally, but it is one of the main challenges of high-energy particle accelerators now being built. Higgs is professor of theoretical physics at Edinburgh University. MODEL RELEASED [1988]](https://www.menzelphoto.com/img-get2/I0000pDLgQEIYEr8/fill=/fit=180x180/I0000pDLgQEIYEr8.jpg)
![Physics: Patrice Lebrun works on the detector for the L-3 experiment at CERN, which uses a Bismuth Germanium Oxide (BGO) Crystal. BGO (formula Bi4 Ge3 O12) is used to detect electrons and photons generated by electron- positron collisions in the LEP Collider ring. When an electron or photon enters the crystal, its energy is converted into light. The light is channeled by the crystal to photodiodes, producing an electronic signal. 11, 000 crystals, totaling 12 tons in weight, are used in the detector, measuring the energy and position of the incoming particles at very high resolution. The LEP and L- 3 detector were inaugurated on 13 November 1989. Geneva, Switzerland..CERN is the European centre for particle physics near Geneva. L3 is one of 4 giant particle detectors at the LEP Collider. LEP collides electrons & positrons accelerated to an energy of 50 GeV in a circular tunnel 100m underground & 27km in circumference. L3 is a cylindrical assembly of many types of apparatus - hadron & electromagnetic calorimeters, drift chambers, & a time projection chamber - which fit together like layers of an onion around the point where the particles collide. L3 is a collaboration of 460 physicists from institutions in 13 countries. MODEL RELEASED [1988]](https://www.menzelphoto.com/img-get2/I0000jCzb6JkQqlY/fill=/fit=180x180/I0000jCzb6JkQqlY.jpg)
![The particle physics collaboration group in the detector pit of the L-3 experiment at CERN's Large Electron-Positron Collider (LEP) ring during its construction in [1988] (Sam Ting bottom left in trench coat.) The pit now contains detectors that can measure and identify the various electrons, muons and photons that are emitted following collision events. The main part of the detector is the large magnet, contained in a cubic space of 12 meters each side and weighing 7810 tons. The magnet surrounds the particle detectors; the vertex chamber, the electromagnetic calorimeter, the hadron calorimeter and the muon chamber. The LEP ring was inaugurated on 13 November 1989. The LEP ring was inaugurated on 13 November 1989. [1988].](https://www.menzelphoto.com/img-get2/I0000nfvRObjyXjY/fill=/fit=180x180/I0000nfvRObjyXjY.jpg)
![Physics: Geneva, Switzerland/CERN: L-3 Experiment. Russian scientist Yuri Kamishkou seen with the Hadron Calorimeter. CERN is the European centre for particle physics near Geneva. L3 is one of 4 giant particle detectors at the LEP Collider. The L-3 experiment is part of CERN's Large Electron- Positron Collider (LEP), inaugurated on 13 November 1989. LEP collides electrons & positrons accelerated to an energy of 50 GeV in a circular tunnel 100m underground & 27km in circumference. L3 is a cylindrical assembly of many types of apparatus - hadron & electromagnetic calorimeters, drift chambers, & a time projection chamber - which fit together like layers of an onion around the point where the particles collide. L3 is a collaboration of 460 physicists from institutions in 13 countries. MODEL RELEASED [1988]](https://www.menzelphoto.com/img-get2/I0000r0kKtXJMM_E/fill=/fit=180x180/I0000r0kKtXJMM_E.jpg)
![Physics: Geneva, Switzerland. CERN: L-3 Experiment. A technician (K. Reismann) works inside the L3 detector at CERN, the European centre for particle physics near Geneva. The L-3 experiment is part of CERN's Large Electron- Positron Collider (LEP), inaugurated on 13 November 1989. L3 is one of 4 giant particle detectors at the LEP Collider. LEP collides electrons & positrons accelerated to an energy of 50 GeV in a circular tunnel 100m underground & 27km in circumference. L3 is a cylindrical assembly of many types of apparatus - hadron & electromagnetic calorimeters, drift chambers, & a time projection chamber - which fit together, like layers of an onion around the point where the particles collide. L3 is a collaboration of 460 physicists from institutions in 13 countries. Aachen Group. MODEL RELEASED [1988].](https://www.menzelphoto.com/img-get2/I000062_UPZRZ6zg/fill=/fit=180x180/I000062_UPZRZ6zg.jpg)
![The particle physics collaboration group in the detector pit of the L-3 experiment at CERN's Large Electron-Positron Collider (LEP) ring during its construction in [1988] (Sam Ting bottom left, in trench coat.) The pit now contains detectors that can measure and identify the various electrons, muons and photons that are emitted following collision events. The main part of the detector is the large magnet, contained in a cubic space of 12 meters each side and weighing 7810 tons. The magnet surrounds the particle detectors; the vertex chamber, the electromagnetic calorimeter, the hadron calorimeter and the muon chamber. The LEP ring was inaugurated on 13 November 1989. [1988]](https://www.menzelphoto.com/img-get2/I0000dyMYn.5tUzI/fill=/fit=180x180/I0000dyMYn.5tUzI.jpg)
![Physics: Scientist Hans Hofer at CERN..CERN is the European centre for particle physics near Geneva. L3 is one of 4 giant particle detectors at the LEP Collider. LEP collides electrons & positrons accelerated to an energy of 50 GeV in a circular tunnel 100m underground & 27km in circumference. L3 is a cylindrical assembly of many types of apparatus - hadron & electromagnetic calorimeters, drift chambers, & a time projection chamber - which fit together like layers of an onion around the point where the particles collide. L3 is a collaboration of 460 physicists from institutions in 13 countries..Geneva, Switzerland. MODEL RELEASED [1988]](https://www.menzelphoto.com/img-get2/I0000DQGrcOF_IuE/fill=/fit=180x180/I0000DQGrcOF_IuE.jpg)
![Burton Richter (b.1931), Director of the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center (SLAC), photographed during the construction of the Stanford Linear Collider in [1988] Richter won the 1976 Nobel Prize for Physics, following his discovery of the Psi- particle at the SLAC in 1974. The Prize was shared with Sam Ting of Brookhaven National Laboratory. The discovery of the Psi- particle also implied the existence of two new quarks, Charm and anti- Charm. Richter has been at SLAC since 1964, having also designed the PEP positron-electron storage ring at Stanford. Richter became Director of SLAC in 1984, and now oversees projects such as the Stanford Linear Positron-Electron Collider. MODEL RELEASED [1988]](https://www.menzelphoto.com/img-get2/I0000TZ6gcktzuq8/fill=/fit=180x180/I0000TZ6gcktzuq8.jpg)
![Burton Richter (b.1931), Director of the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center (SLAC), photographed during the construction of the Stanford Linear Collider in [1988] Richter won the 1976 Nobel Prize for Physics, following his discovery of the Psi- particle at the SLAC in 1974. The Prize was shared with Sam Ting of Brookhaven National Laboratory. The discovery of the Psi- particle also implied the existence of two new quarks, Charm and anti- Charm. Richter has been at SLAC since 1964, having also designed the PEP positron-electron storage ring at Stanford. Richter became Director of SLAC in 1984, and now oversees projects such as the Stanford Linear Positron-Electron Collider. MODEL RELEASED [1988]](https://www.menzelphoto.com/img-get2/I00000SQHC9CECxY/fill=/fit=180x180/I00000SQHC9CECxY.jpg)
![Daily 8:00 AM team meeting. Burton Richter bottom left of image. Burton Richter (b.1931), Director of the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center (SLAC), photographed during the construction of the Stanford Linear Collider in [1988] Richter won the 1976 Nobel Prize for Physics, following his discovery of the Psi- particle at the SLAC in 1974. The Prize was shared with Sam Ting of Brookhaven National Laboratory. The discovery of the Psi- particle also implied the existence of two new quarks, Charm and anti- Charm. Richter has been at SLAC since 1964, having also designed the PEP positron-electron storage ring at Stanford. Richter became Director of SLAC in 1984, and now oversees projects such as the Stanford Linear Positron-Electron Collider. [1988]](https://www.menzelphoto.com/img-get2/I0000ZN9fzEFaq_E/fill=/fit=180x180/I0000ZN9fzEFaq_E.jpg)
![Matthew Jones, wearing 3-D glasses to view computer simulations, from the Stanford Linear Collider (SLC) experiment, seen with a computer-simulated collision event between an electron and a positron. The SLC produces Z-zero particles by this collision process, which takes place at extremely high energies. The Z-zero is one of the mediators of the weak nuclear force, the force behind radioactive decay, and was discovered at CERN in 1983. The scientist is seen wearing special glasses that enable viewing of computer- generated stereoscopic images of the particle tracks following the collision inside the Large Detector. The first Z-zero seen at SLC was detected on 11 April 1989. MODEL RELEASED [1988]](https://www.menzelphoto.com/img-get2/I0000QJ0Xl7YU5SQ/fill=/fit=180x180/I0000QJ0Xl7YU5SQ.jpg)
![Matthew Jones, wearing 3-D glasses to view computer simulations, from the Stanford Linear Collider (SLC) experiment, seen with a computer-simulated collision event between an electron and a positron. The SLC produces Z-zero particles by this collision process, which takes place at extremely high energies. The Z-zero is one of the mediators of the weak nuclear force, the force behind radioactive decay, and was discovered at CERN in 1983. The scientist is seen wearing special glasses that enable viewing of computer- generated stereoscopic images of the particle tracks following the collision inside the Large Detector. The first Z-zero seen at SLC was detected on 11 April 1989. MODEL RELEASED [1988]](https://www.menzelphoto.com/img-get2/I0000WrG0PRMxBA8/fill=/fit=180x180/I0000WrG0PRMxBA8.jpg)
![Physics: Geneva, Switzerland/CERN: John Bell (b.1928), Theoretical Physicist. John Bell was a theoretical physicist at CERN, the European laboratory for particle physics. He invented the "Bell inequalities" which allowed a better understanding of the foundations of quantum mechanics, the physics of the very small. MODEL RELEASED [1987]](https://www.menzelphoto.com/img-get2/I0000C82MgNyCEs4/fill=/fit=180x180/I0000C82MgNyCEs4.jpg)
![Physics: Geneva, Switzerland/CERN: John Bell (b.1928), Theoretical Physicist. John Bell was a theoretical physicist at CERN, the European laboratory for particle physics. He invented the "Bell inequalities" which allowed a better understanding of the foundations of quantum mechanics, the physics of the very small. MODEL RELEASED [1987]](https://www.menzelphoto.com/img-get2/I0000dw4o1FUkYYg/fill=/fit=180x180/I0000dw4o1FUkYYg.jpg)
![Physics: Aligning Magnets in the 3 km tunnel of the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center (SLAC), Menlo Park, California. Reverse Bend SLC Experiment, [1986].Technicians making final alignment checks in the tunnel of the Stanford Linear Collider (SLC). The SLC was built from the 3km linear accelerator at Stanford, California. In the SLC, electrons and positrons are accelerated to energies of 50 giga electron volts (GeV) before being forced to collide. In this collision, a Z-nought particle may be produced. The Z-nought is the mediator of the electroweak nuclear force, the force behind radioactive decay. The first Z-nought was detected at SLC on 11 April 1989, six years after its discovery at the European LEP accelerator ring, near Geneva..](https://www.menzelphoto.com/img-get2/I00003t1ljYgF5oI/fill=/fit=180x180/I00003t1ljYgF5oI.jpg)
![Coober Pedy Opal Mine, Southern Australia. Opal is a form of hydrous silicon oxide. The stones are conglomerates of microscopic spherical particles - opal is never found as a true crystal. The blue/green and dark blue forms seen here are considered to be precious. Opal has a beautiful colored luster due to the varied dispersion of light from its structure. Opal may also be seen in fossils, where it replaces the organic matter (especially bones) in buried remains. [1989]](https://www.menzelphoto.com/img-get2/I0000fCAZROH9VjM/fill=/fit=180x180/I0000fCAZROH9VjM.jpg)
![Physics: Stanford Linear Accelerator Center (SLAC), Menlo Park, California. Control Room [1988]. Instrumentation displays inside the control room of the Stanford Linear Collider (SLC) experiment, Menlo Park, California. With a length of 3km, the Stanford Linear Accelerator is the largest of its kind in the world. The accelerator is used to produce streams of electrons and positrons, which collide at a combined energy of 100 GeV (Giga electron Volts). This massive energy is sufficient to produce Z-zero particles in the collision. The Z-zero is one of the mediators of the weak nuclear force, the force behind radioactive decay, and was first discovered at CERN, Geneva, in 1983. The first Z-zero at SLC was produced on 11 April 1989.](https://www.menzelphoto.com/img-get2/I0000b_6f7D1iczA/fill=/fit=180x180/I0000b_6f7D1iczA.jpg)
![Physics: Stanford Linear Accelerator Center (SLAC), Menlo Park, California. Control Room..Instrumentation displays inside the control room of the Stanford Linear Collider (SLC) experiment, California. With a length of 3km, the Stanford Linear Accelerator is the largest of its kind in the world. The accelerator is used to produce streams of electrons and positrons, which collide at a combined energy of 100 GeV (Giga electron Volts). This massive energy is sufficient to produce Z-zero particles in the collision. The Z-zero is one of the mediators of the weak nuclear force, the force behind radioactive decay, and was first discovered at CERN, Geneva, in 1983. The first Z-zero at SLC was produced on 11 April 1989. [1988]](https://www.menzelphoto.com/img-get2/I0000j1jacgZEQp8/fill=/fit=180x180/I0000j1jacgZEQp8.jpg)
![Physics: Stanford Linear Accelerator Center (SLAC). Electronics Trailer. J. Chapman checks myriad connections..Stanford Linear Collider (SLC) experiment, Menlo Park, California. With a length of 3km, the Stanford Linear Accelerator is the largest of its kind in the world. The accelerator is used to produce streams of electrons and positrons, which collide at a combined energy of 100 GeV (Giga electron Volts). This massive energy is sufficient to produce Z-zero particles in the collision. The Z-zero is one of the mediators of the weak nuclear force, the force behind radioactive decay, and was first discovered at CERN, Geneva, in 1983. The first Z-zero at SLC was produced on 11 April 1989. [1988]](https://www.menzelphoto.com/img-get2/I0000bLq9F4lmj04/fill=/fit=180x180/I0000bLq9F4lmj04.jpg)
![Alan Weinstein from the Stanford Linear Collider (SLC) experiment, seen with a computer-simulated collision event between an electron and a positron. The SLC produces Z-zero particles by this collision process, which takes place at energies high enough for the electron and positron to annihilate one another, the Z-zero left decaying rapidly into another electron/positron pair or a quark/anti-quark pair. The Z-zero is one of the mediators of the weak nuclear force, the force behind radioactive decay, and was discovered at CERN in 1983. The first Z-zero seen at SLC was detected on 11 April 1989. MODEL RELEASED [1988] Menlo Park, California.](https://www.menzelphoto.com/img-get2/I0000.oMC.oP73Ow/fill=/fit=180x180/I0000.oMC.oP73Ow.jpg)
![Physics: Stanford Linear Accelerator Center (SLAC) Helen Quinn, theoretician. Stanford Linear Collider (SLC) experiment, Menlo Park, California. With a length of 3km, the Stanford Linear Accelerator is the largest of its kind in the world. The accelerator is used to produce streams of electrons and positrons, which collide at a combined energy of 100 GeV (Giga electron Volts). This massive energy is sufficient to produce Z-zero particles in the collision. The Z-zero is one of the mediators of the weak nuclear force, the force behind radioactive decay, and was first discovered at CERN, Geneva, in 1983. The first Z-zero at SLC was produced on 11 April 1989. MODEL RELEASED [1986].](https://www.menzelphoto.com/img-get2/I0000cWHDUEHIQBo/fill=/fit=180x180/I0000cWHDUEHIQBo.jpg)
![An opal miner displays a handful of opals. Opal is a form of hydrous silicon oxide. The stones are conglomerates of microscopic spherical particles - opal is never found as a true crystal. The blue/green and dark blue forms seen here are considered to be precious. Opal has a beautiful colored luster due to the varied dispersion of light from its structure. Opal may also be seen in fossils, where it replaces the organic matter (especially bones) in buried remains. These stones were photographed at Lightning Ridge in Australia, the world's most important source of precious opal. [1989].](https://www.menzelphoto.com/img-get2/I0000PPWZw06rSaU/fill=/fit=180x180/I0000PPWZw06rSaU.jpg)
![Physics: Stanford Linear Accelerator Center (SLAC), Menlo Park, California. Large Detector Control Room. Instrumentation displays inside the control room of the Stanford Linear Collider (SLC) experiment, California. With a length of 3km, the Stanford Linear Accelerator is the largest of its kind in the world. The accelerator is used to produce streams of electrons and positrons, which collide at a combined energy of 100 GeV (Giga electron Volts). This massive energy is sufficient to produce Z-zero particles in the collision. The Z-zero is one of the mediators of the weak nuclear force, the force behind radioactive decay, and was first discovered at CERN, Geneva, in 1983. The first Z-zero at SLC was produced on 11 April 1989. [1988]](https://www.menzelphoto.com/img-get2/I00005dkpQGtnHOo/fill=/fit=180x180/I00005dkpQGtnHOo.jpg)
![Physics: Stanford Linear Accelerator Center (SLAC). Rafe Schindler and Iris Abt with detector insert. Stanford Linear Collider (SLC) experiment, Menlo Park, California. With a length of 3km, the Stanford Linear Accelerator is the largest of its kind in the world. The accelerator is used to produce streams of electrons and positrons, which collide at a combined energy of 100 GeV (Giga electron Volts). This massive energy is sufficient to produce Z-zero particles in the collision. The Z-zero is one of the mediators of the weak nuclear force, the force behind radioactive decay, and was first discovered at CERN, Geneva, in 1983. The first Z-zero at SLC was produced on 11 April 1989. [1988]](https://www.menzelphoto.com/img-get2/I00002qZ5_N6ncO4/fill=/fit=180x180/I00002qZ5_N6ncO4.jpg)
![Physics: Stanford Linear Accelerator Center (SLAC) Martin Perl, Physicist at SLAC..Stanford Linear Collider (SLC) experiment, Menlo Park, California. With a length of 3km, the Stanford Linear Accelerator is the largest of its kind in the world. The accelerator is used to produce streams of electrons and positrons, which collide at a combined energy of 100 GeV (Giga electron Volts). This massive energy is sufficient to produce Z-zero particles in the collision. The Z-zero is one of the mediators of the weak nuclear force, the force behind radioactive decay, and was first discovered at CERN, Geneva, in 1983. The first Z-zero at SLC was produced on 11 April 1989. MODEL RELEASED [1988]](https://www.menzelphoto.com/img-get2/I0000cptTX3uukG8/fill=/fit=180x180/I0000cptTX3uukG8.jpg)
![Physics: Stanford Linear Accelerator Center (SLAC). Large Detector construction: sorting through the tens of thousands of fittings. Stanford Linear Collider (SLC) experiment, Menlo Park, California. With a length of 3km, the Stanford Linear Accelerator is the largest of its kind in the world. The accelerator is used to produce streams of electrons and positrons, which collide at a combined energy of 100 GeV (Giga electron Volts). This massive energy is sufficient to produce Z-zero particles in the collision. The Z-zero is one of the mediators of the weak nuclear force, the force behind radioactive decay, and was first discovered at CERN, Geneva, in 1983. The first Z-zero at SLC was produced on 11 April 1989. [1988]](https://www.menzelphoto.com/img-get2/I000074_5qLYMp6o/fill=/fit=180x180/I000074_5qLYMp6o.jpg)
![Physics: Proton Decay control room. Cleveland, Ohio, Morton Salt Mine proton decay detector located 600 meters underground in the Morton salt mine near Cleveland, Ohio, which consists of a massive tank containing 21 cubic meters of ultra pure water, its walls lined with photomultiplier tubes, which detect faint flashes of Cerenkov light emitted by the passage of charged particles. [1985]](https://www.menzelphoto.com/img-get2/I0000hJiHKLWLWCk/fill=/fit=180x180/I0000hJiHKLWLWCk.jpg)
![Physics: Pat Burchat, with a computer simulation reflected in her glasses at the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center (SLAC) Large Detector. Computer Simulated Event. Stanford Linear Collider (SLC) experiment, Menlo Park, California. With a length of 3km, the Stanford Linear Accelerator is the largest of its kind in the world. The accelerator is used to produce streams of electrons and positrons, which collide at a combined energy of 100 GeV (Giga electron Volts). This massive energy is sufficient to produce Z-zero particles in the collision. The Z-zero is one of the mediators of the weak nuclear force, the force behind radioactive decay, and was first discovered at CERN, Geneva, in 1983. The first Z-zero at SLC was produced on 11 April 1989. MODEL RELEASED [1988]](https://www.menzelphoto.com/img-get2/I0000rpufq2Zpf.A/fill=/fit=180x180/I0000rpufq2Zpf.A.jpg)
![Physics: Assembly of Bismuth Germanium Oxide (BGO) Crystal for the L-3 experiment at CERN. BGO (formula Bi4 Ge3 O12) is used to detect electrons and photons generated by electron- positron collisions in the LEP Collider ring. When an electron or photon enters the crystal, its energy is converted into light. The light is channeled by the crystal to photodiodes, producing an electronic signal. 11, 000 crystals, totaling 12 tons in weight, are used in the detector, measuring the energy and position of the incoming particles at very high resolution. The LEP and L- 3 detector were inaugurated on 13 November 1989. Geneva, Switzerland. [1988]](https://www.menzelphoto.com/img-get2/I00004.kpK_3GdfU/fill=/fit=180x180/I00004.kpK_3GdfU.jpg)