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Human Genome Project

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  • James Dewey Watson (born 1928), American biochemist and co- discoverer of the structure of DNA. Watson graduated from Chicago University & obtained a PhD in 1950. He abandoned plans to become an ornithologist to work on problems in biochemistry & genetics. In 1951 he went to Cambridge, to work with Francis Crick on solving the problem of the structure of DNA. In 1953 they proposed a double helix structure for DNA, which earned them (with Maurice Wilkins) the 1962 Nobel Prize in Medicine. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, New York, where Watson was director at the time of this photograph. MODEL RELEASED 1989..Human Genome Project..ADVERTISING/COMMERCIAL USE REQUIRES CLEARANCE.
    USA_SCI_HGP_03_xs.jpg
  • James Dewey Watson (born 1928), American biochemist & co- discoverer of the structure of DNA. Watson graduated from Chicago University & obtained a PhD in 1950. He abandoned plans to become an ornithologist to work on problems in biochemistry & genetics. In 1951 he went to Cambridge, to work with Francis Crick on solving the problem of the structure of DNA. In 1953 they proposed a double helix structure for DNA, which earned them (with Maurice Wilkins) the 1962 Nobel Prize for Medicine. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, New York, where Watson was Director at the time of this photograph. MODEL RELEASED 1989. .ADVERTISING/COMMERCIAL USE REQUIRES CLEARANCE.
    USA_SCI_HGP_02_xs.jpg
  • James Dewey Watson (born 1928), American biochemist and co-discoverer of the structure of DNA. Watson graduated from Chicago University & obtained a PhD in 1950. He abandoned plans to become an ornithologist to work on problems in biochemistry & genetics. In 1951 he went to Cambridge, to work with Francis Crick on solving the problem of the structure of DNA. In 1953 they proposed a double helix structure for DNA, which earned them (with Maurice Wilkins) the 1962 Nobel Prize in Medicine. Jones Laboratory at Cold Spring Harbor, New York, where Watson is Director. It was intended for use as one image. MODEL RELEASED 1989. ADVERTISING/COMMERCIAL USE REQUIRES CLEARANCE.
    USA_SCI_HGP_24_xs.jpg
  • Portrait of American microbiologist Jonas Edward Salk (born 1914), inventor of the first polio vaccine. In 1949 a method of culturing the poliovirus was discovered, making quantities available for experimentation. Salk began to work on a method of killing the virus in such a way as to make it incapable of causing the disease, but capable of causing the production of antibodies which would be active against the living virus. By 1952 he had prepared a vaccine he dared try on humans. The trials were successful and in 1954 the mass production of the Salk vaccine began. During a lecture at the Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, New York, 1989.
    USA_SCI_HGP_01_xs.jpg
  • Circular computer scanner used to read sections of DNA sequencing autoradiograms for subsequent computer analysis, part of the human genome project studies at Cal Tech, Lee Hood Lab, USA. The term genome describes the full set of genes expressed by an organism's chromosomes. A gene is a section of DNA that instructs a cell to make a specific protein. The task of constructing such a complete blueprint of genetic information for humans is divided into two main phases: mapping genes and other markers on chromosomes, and decoding the DNA sequences of genes on all the chromosomes. Numerous laboratories worldwide are engaged on various aspects of genome research.
    USA_SCI_HGP_30_xs.jpg
  • Circular computer scanner used to read sections of DNA sequencing autoradiograms for subsequent computer analysis, part of the human genome project studies at Cal Tech, Lee Hood Lab, USA. The term genome describes the full set of genes expressed by an organism's chromosomes. A gene is a section of DNA that instructs a cell to make a specific protein. The task of constructing such a complete blueprint of genetic information for humans is divided into two main phases: mapping genes and other markers on chromosomes, and decoding the DNA sequences of genes on all the chromosomes. Numerous laboratories worldwide are engaged on various aspects of genome research.
    USA_SCI_HGP_29_xs.jpg
  • Harvard scientist Walter Gilbert studying a DNA sequencing autoradiogram, made in the course of research associated with the human genome project. The term genome describes the full set of genes expressed by an organism's chromosomes. A gene is a section of DNA that instructs a cell to make a specific protein. The task of constructing such a complete blueprint of genetic information for humans is divided into two main phases: mapping genes and other markers on chromosomes, and decoding the DNA sequences of genes on all the chromosomes. Numerous laboratories worldwide are engaged on various aspects of genome research. MODEL RELEASED.
    USA_SCI_HGP_26_xs.jpg
  • Walter Gilbert, Harvard University Nobel laureate scientist, appears next to a computer graphics representation of the DNA molecule in this double- exposure photograph. Gilbert is a leading proponent of the human genome project, an ambitious plan to build a complete, detailed biochemical document of every gene expressed on each of the 23 pairs of human chromosomes. MODEL RELEASED May 1989..Human Genome Project.
    USA_SCI_HGP_04_xs.jpg
  • Computer graphics space-filling representation of a section of a DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) molecule, the genetic material of most living organisms. The double helix of DNA may be regarded as a twisted ladder, the rungs of which are complementary pairs of organic bases: adenine pairs with thymine, cytosine with guanine. It is a precise sequence of DNA bases (a gene), which instructs cells to make a specific amino acid, chains of which form proteins. DNA is the major component of the chromosomes within a cell's nucleus and, through its control of protein synthesis, plays a central role in determining inherited characteristics. DNA computer model in Walter Gilbert's Lab.
    USA_SCI_HGP_32_xs.jpg
  • Computer graphics space-filling representation of a section of a DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) molecule, the genetic material of most living organisms. The double helix of DNA may be regarded as a twisted ladder, the rungs of which are complementary pairs of organic bases: adenine pairs with thymine, cytosine with guanine. It is a precise sequence of DNA bases (a gene), which instructs cells to make a specific amino acid, chains of which form proteins. DNA is the major component of the chromosomes within a cell's nucleus and, through its control of protein synthesis, plays a central role in determining inherited characteristics. DNA computer model in Walter Gilbert's Lab..Human Genome Project.
    USA_SCI_HGP_31_xs.jpg
  • Los Alamos National Lab, New Mexico. Research in the flow cytometry lab - sorting chromosomes for DNA Library. The counting of cells is called cytometry. Flow cytometry characterizes single cells as they pass at high speed through a laser beam. Speeds of up to 50,000 cells a second can be measured. The scattering of the laser beam provides a way to identify the cells. Many other characteristics, such as shape and surface texture can also be measured. The cells are then sorted as electrically charged droplets. This also purifies the samples. (1989).Human Genome Project.
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  • Research on the human genome: Dr Peter Lichter, of Yale Medical School, using a light microscope to do fine mapping of long DNA fragments on human chromosomes using a technique known as non- radioactive in-situ hybridization. The chromosomes appear in red on the monitor screen, whilst the DNA fragments (called probes) appear yellow/green. Mapping chromosomes may be regarded as a physical survey of each chromosome to find the location of genes or other markers. Mapping & sequencing are the two main phases of the genome project; an ambitious plan to build a complete blueprint of human genetic information..Human Genome Project.
    USA_SCI_HGP_07_xs.jpg
  • Research on the human genome: Caltech scientist Leroy Hood preparing an electrophoresis gel used in a computer-controlled system for DNA sequencing of human chromosomes. DNA sequencing involves decoding the base pair sequence of sections of DNA encode specific proteins. Sequencing and mapping chromosomes to locate genes or other important markers - are two phases in the human genome project. The human genome is a complete genetic blueprint - a detailed plan of every gene expressed on all 23 pairs of chromosomes. MODEL RELEASED (1989).
    USA_SCI_HGP_08_xs.jpg
  • Human Genome Project: Columbia University. Charles Cantor, American biologist, photographed in a laboratory at Columbia University, New York, in May 1989. Cantor's area of research is human genetics. With colleagues at Columbia, he has contributed to work on the human genome project, an ambitious plant to construct a complete biochemical document detailing every gene expressed on each of the 23 pairs of human chromosomes. MODEL RELEASED (1989).
    USA_SCI_HGP_09_xs.jpg
  • Human Genome Project: Dr Jonathan Beckwith, American biologist, examining through a magnifying glass, a Petri dish containing a genetically- engineered colony of the bacteria, Escherichia coli, (not in photo) in his laboratory at Harvard Medical School. As a respected scientist working with genetic engineering technology, Beckwith is concerned about the social & legal implications of human genetic screening, an option that might arise from the successful completion of the human genome project - an ambitious plan to make a complete biochemical survey of every gene expressed on all the 23 pairs of human chromosomes. MODEL RELEASED (1989)
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  • Human Genome Project: .Human Genome research scientist Kai Wand with PACE (Programmable controlled electrophoresis system) in his California Technical Institute Lab, USA. (1989).
    USA_SCI_HGP_11_xs.jpg
  • Human Genome Project: Columbia University. Charles Cantor, American biologist, photographed in a laboratory at Columbia University, New York, in May 1989. Cantor's area of research is human genetics. With colleagues at Columbia, he has contributed to work on the human genome project, an ambitious plant to construct a complete biochemical document detailing every gene expressed on each of the 23 pairs of human chromosomes. MODEL RELEASED (1989).
    USA_SCI_HGP_10_xs.jpg
  • Research on the human genome: Leroy Hood at CalTech with a Programmable Autonomously Controlled Electrode (PACE), which was developed in the CalTech lab. Pasadena, California. MODEL RELEASED (1989).Human Genome Project.
    USA_SCI_HGP_12_xs.jpg
  • Research on the human genome: Caltech scientist Kai Wand loading an electrophoresis gel into a computer-controlled system used for DNA sequencing of human chromosomes. DNA sequencing involves decoding the base pair sequence of sections of DNA encode specific proteins. Sequencing and mapping chromosomes to locate genes or other important markers - are two phases in the human genome project. The human genome is a complete genetic blueprint - a detailed plan of every gene expressed in all 23 pairs of human chromosomes. MODEL RELEASED (1989).
    USA_SCI_HGP_14_xs.jpg
  • Human Genome Project: Cal Tech, Lee Hood Lab. Computer monitor showing DNA Sequencing Gels: Computer Assisted.  (1989)
    USA_SCI_HGP_15_xs.jpg
  • Research on the human genome: composite image of an infant and a computer graphics model of the DNA molecule overlaid on a computer enhanced DNA sequencing autoradiogram. DNA sequencing of chromosomes involves decoding the base pair sequence of sections of DNA - most usefully, those sections called genes which encode specific proteins. Sequencing and mapping - surveying each of the 23 pairs of human chromosomes to locate genes or other important markers - are two phases in the human genome project. The construction of such a complete genetic map involves a detailed biochemical survey of every gene expressed on all 23 pairs of human chromosomes. (1989).
    USA_SCI_HGP_16_xs.jpg
  • Research on the human genome: composite image of an infant and a computer graphics model of the DNA molecule overlaid on a computer enhanced DNA sequencing autoradiogram. DNA sequencing of chromosomes involves decoding the base pair sequence of sections of DNA - most usefully, those sections called genes which encode specific proteins. Sequencing and mapping - surveying each of the 23 pairs of human chromosomes to locate genes or other important markers - are two phases in the human genome project. The construction of such a complete genetic map involves a detailed biochemical survey of every gene expressed on all 23 pairs of human chromosomes.  (1989).
    USA_SCI_HGP_17_xs.jpg
  • Scientist works in a darkroom; preparing to photograph an agarose electrophoresis gel used in mapping DNA extracted from chromosomes of the bacteria Escherichia coli. DNA mapping refers to a physical survey of each of an organism's chromosomes in an attempt to locate genes or other landmarks. Mapping and sequencing (decoding the DNA base-pair sequences of chromosomes) are the two phases of the human genome project, an ambitious plan to reveal all of the information encoded in the 23 pairs of human chromosomes.  Dr Jonathan Beckwith's laboratory at Harvard, USA, May 1989.
    USA_SCI_HGP_13_xs.jpg
  • Fluorescence micrograph of human chromosomes showing the mapping of cloned fragments of DNA (DNA probes) to the long arms of chromosome 11. In this image, the chromosomes are stained to give red fluorescence, with the probes appearing as areas of green/yellow fluorescence on the ends of the chromosomes. Mapping chromosomes may be regarded as a physical survey of each chromosome to find the location of genes or other markers. Mapping & sequencing (decoding the base-pair sequence of all the DNA in each chromosome) are the two main phases of the human genome project, an ambitious plan to reveal all of the genetic information encoded by every human chromosome.
    USA_SCI_HGP_19_xs.jpg
  • Fluorescence micrograph of human chromosomes showing the anonymous mapping of cloned fragments of DNA (DNA probes) on chromosome 6. The chromosomes are stained to give red fluorescence, with the DNA probes represented by regions of green/yellow fluorescence. Mapping chromosomes may be regarded as a physical survey of each chromosome to find the location of genes or other markers. Mapping & sequencing (decoding the base-pair sequence of all the DNA in each chromosome) are the two main phases of the human genome project, an ambitious plan to reveal all of the genetic information encoded by every human chromosome. Magnification: x12500 at 35mm size.
    USA_SCI_HGP_34_xs.jpg
  • Montage of a fluorescence micrograph of human chromosomes showing the mapping of cloned fragments of DNA (DNA probes), overlaid with the silhouette of an infant & a computer graphics model of the DNA molecule. The chromosomes are stained to give red fluorescence; with the DNA probes represented as small regions of green/yellow fluorescence. Mapping chromosomes may be regarded as a physical survey of each chromosome to find the location of genes or other markers. DNA mapping is one phase of the human genome project, an ambitious plan to reveal all of the genetic information encoded by every human chromosome.
    USA_SCI_HGP_18_xs.jpg
  • Conical flask containing a swirling vortex of liquid; one item of equipment used in Charles Cantor's laboratory at Columbia University, New York, in research on the human genome project. Colored radiograms used in DNA sequencing are visible in background to the left of the flask. The term "genome" describes the full set of genes expressed by an organism's chromosomes. The task of constructing such a complete blueprint of genetic information for humans is divided into two main phases: mapping genes and other markers on chromosomes, and decoding the DNA sequences of genes on all the chromosomes.
    USA_SCI_HGP_20_xs.jpg
  • Human Genome Project: Dr Jonathan Beckwith, American biologist. As a respected scientist working with genetic engineering technology, Beckwith is concerned about the social & legal implications of human genetic screening, an option that might arise from the successful completion of the human genome project - an ambitious plan to make a complete biochemical survey of every gene expressed on all the 23 pairs of human chromosomes. MODEL RELEASED (1989).
    USA_SCI_HGP_21_xs.jpg
  • Human Genome Project: Dr Jonathan Beckwith, American biologist, examining through a magnifying glass, a Petri dish containing a genetically- engineered colony of the bacteria, Escherichia coli, in his laboratory at Harvard Medical School. As a respected scientist working with genetic engineering technology, Beckwith is concerned about the social & legal implications of human genetic screening, an option that might arise from the successful completion of the human genome project - an ambitious plan to make a complete biochemical survey of every gene expressed on all the 23 pairs of human chromosomes. MODEL RELEASED (1989).
    USA_SCI_HGP_22_xs.jpg
  • Human Genome Project: Cal Tech, Lee Hood Lab. Reading DNA Sequencing Gels: Computer Assisted.  1989.
    USA_SCI_HGP_23_xs.jpg
  • Human Genome Project: Portrait of Leroy Hood, Caltech scientist. Leroy Hood is an American biologist. He won the 2003 Lemelson-MIT Prize for inventing "four instruments that have unlocked much of the mystery of human biology" by helping decode the genome. Hood also won the 2002 Kyoto Prize for Advanced Technology, and the 1987 Albert Lasker Award for Basic Medical Research. His inventions include the automated DNA sequencer, a device to create proteins and an automated tool for synthesizing DNA. Hood co-founded the Institute for Systems Biology. MODEL RELEASED (1989).
    USA_SCI_HGP_25_xs.jpg
  • Human Genome Project: Columbia University. Charles R. Cantor. Charles Cantor, American biologist, photographed in a laboratory at Columbia University, New York, in May 1989. Cantor's area of research is human genetics. With colleagues at Columbia, he has contributed to work on the human genome project, an ambitious plant to construct a complete biochemical document detailing every gene expressed on each of the 23 pairs of human chromosomes. MODEL RELEASED (1989).
    USA_SCI_HGP_27_xs.jpg
  • Human Genome Project: Charles R. Cantor and Cassandra Smith, American biologists, photographed in a laboratory at Columbia University, New York, in May 1989. Cantor's area of research is human genetics. With colleagues at Columbia, he has contributed to work on the human genome project, an ambitious plant to construct a complete biochemical document detailing every gene expressed on each of the 23 pairs of human chromosomes. Smith's area of research is human genetics. With colleagues at Columbia, she has contributed to work on the human genome project, an ambitious plant to construct a complete biochemical document detailing every gene expressed on each of the 23 pairs of human chromosomes. MODEL RELEASED.
    USA_SCI_HGP_28_xs.jpg
  • Research on the human genome: laboratory at Columbia University, Lee Hood Lab, New York, showing row of electrophoresis gels used for DNA sequencing experiments on human chromosomes. DNA sequencing involves decoding the base pair sequence of sections of DNA - most usefully, those sections called genes which encode specific proteins. Sequencing and mapping - surveying each of the 23 pairs of human chromosomes to locate genes or other important markers - are two phases in the human genome project. Constructing such a complete genetic map involves a detailed biochemical survey of every gene expressed on all 23 pairs of human chromosomes.
    USA_SCI_HGP_33_xs.jpg
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